EXAM 1 Flashcards
operationalizing (variables)
the process of turning an abstract concept into a measurable construct
independent variable
the thing that is manipulated / changed
this variable effects the other
dependent variable
the thing that is observed to CHANGE
it changes as a result of the other variable
mediator variable
M
tells us WHY there is a relationship between x and y
moderator variable
W
tells us WHEN there is a relationship between x and y
mediator or moderator?
anxiety (X) changes heart rate (Y) through tensing up (?)
mediator; M
tells us WHY the heart rate changed, because of tensing up.
mediator or moderator?
an anxiety disorder (?) affects your anxiety levels (Y) regardless of your situation (X)
moderator; W
the disorder tells us WHEN we will be anxious (all the time)
qualitative data
data that cannot be measured or counted but can be represented with numbers
like hair color or gender. 3 people are blonde, 8 are brunette.
quantiative data
data that can be measured numerically
applied or basic research?
I am conducting a study to cure headaches from blue light
applied
theres a direct purpose, a clear application and impact
applied or basic?
I am conducting a study to try and find out what it is about our phones that gives us headaches
basic
we’re just gathering data that can be expanded on later. no clear impact
spurius correlation
basically coincidence. two things that are correlated but not truly connected
positive correlation
when X goes up, Y goes up
when x goes down y goes down
negative correlation
when X goes down Y goes up
when x goes up y goes down
does correlation always mean causation?
no you silly billy it doesnt
imitative learning
copying someone exactly, whether its intentional or unintentional
emulative learning
comprehending a goal of a model and engaging in similar behavior to reach that goal
imitative or emulative?
cason bakes a cake, so i also bake a cake, but our cakes look and taste a little different
emulative
imitative or emulative?
sarah bakes a cake and gives me the recpie, i also bake the same cake and they turn out very similar!
imitative
social cognition
cognition where people percieve, think, interpretm or judge the social behaviors of themselves and others
attribution
inference regarding the cause of someone’s behavior or an event
internal or external attribution?
the barista forgot my whipped cream, he did it on purpose because he doesnt like me.
internal attribution
you’re attributing the reason behind the event to something about you
internal or external?
the barista forgot my whipped cream. she did it by accident, the cafe was really busy!
external attribution
you are attributing the event to outside forces
stable or unstable?
you have failed every math test you’ve ever taken, so you decide not to pursue a mathmatical career based on those failures.
stable
this attribution has to do with a long standing history
stable or unstable?
you’ve failed almost every math test you’ve taken, but each time you attribute it to a bad luck day, or an especially difficult exam.
unstable
this attribution is rooted in short term explanation, not long term.
global or specific?
i never got a call back from a job interview. i think its because of covid-19.
global
you attributed the event to a cause that affects many events
global or specific?
i never got a call back from a job interview i did. i think its because the place i applied filled the position already.
specific
you are attrubiting the event to something that only affected one event
fundamental attribution error
the tendency to overestimate the influence of the self and underestimate the influence of outside factors when assesing an event
FAE mnemonic
the fae are self-obsessed and think lowly of the outside world
saliency bias
focusing on the most notable information
what bias is this an example of?
I always buy a scratch ticket when i see them at the gas station, because one time the guy behind me in line won the lottery!
saliency bias
you’re focusing on the most notable factor, not the most logical
what are the 3 componants of attitudes?
cognitive, affective, and behavioral
what are the two types of attributes?
instrumental and experiental
instrumental attitude
how useful or valuble is BLANK?
rationally, how useful is it? how valuable?
experiental attitude
how much do i like BLANK
focused on how you’re feeling about it, your experience with it.
cognitive miser theory
the theory that we use mental shortcuts when we have limited cognitive resources
what is a heuristic?
a mental shortcut
availability hueristic
using information that comes to mind quickly or easily when navigating complex or uncertain situations
negativity bias
its easier to recall negative information than positive information
sort of ties into the saliency bias!!
representativeness heuristic
mental shortcut used when estimating probabilities. when trying to assess how likely a situation is, we compare it to similar ones in the past and use that information to help us estimate.
anchoring and adjustment hueristic
the tendency to weigh the first piece of information we see more heavily than subsequent information
scarcity hueristic
the tendency to view resources as more valuable when they are limited
what heuristic is at play here?
the fire alarm goes off, you’ve been drilled into leaving immediately, so you do.
availability hueristic
drills taught you to evacuate so that is the easiest/quickest response
what heuristic is at play here?
a lost child will most likely seek out an adult who is female, tattoo-less, and kind looking because those types of people have helped them before.
representativeness heuristic
decision of who to seek out was made based on past similar experiences
what heuristic is at play here?
you’re in the store and see the full price of an item, THEN the marked down price. You buy the item because “look how much I’m saving, I could have paid $70 but I’m only spending $35!”
anchoring and adjustment heuristic
the first piece of info (og price) stuck with you more than the new one.
what heuristic is at play here?
I made a dozen cookies. the first couple I ate didn’t feel overtly special, but the very last cookie is one i savor.
scarcity hueristic
the last cookies feel more valuable, because theyre the only ones left
social affect
the broad positive or negative feeling state
infuences mood and emotion!
what are the four factors of emotion?
physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and experiental factors
what is affect’s purpose?
to prompt us to act quickly for survival
what is arousal
the bodily feeling that accompanies strong emotions
limbic system
the group of brain structures that deal with experiencing emotion
includes the amygdala
general adaptation syndrome
this refers to the way we deal with intense stress well for a while, but over time we will not be able to cope as well.
what is the most popular research element thing in psychology right now?
social cognition
which is better, mirrored mimicry or anatomical mimicry?
mirrored makes people feel better, anatomical was rated worse
what is social psychology?
