PSY 2 Flashcards
What is epigenetics
The expression of the gene are changed without the gene being changed with chemical
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
Double helix 2 s
Chromosomes
Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain genes
46 total 23 pairs
Genes
Part of the DNA code DNA that makes you you
What do we call it when genes are turned on by the environment
Expression
Injunctive
Unexpectivale norm or expectivable
Descriptive
The description of the behavior
temperament
A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity; apparent from first weeks of life and generally persists into adulthood
Natural selection
Natural selection
Adpadation
FITNESS benefit
More likely to reproduce= more fit
Passing desirable traits overtime in order to survive
Mutant
Random error in the gene that
Survival of the fittest
Chance to reproduce
Individualistic
Values independence, more selfish, want own identity, competing
Collectivist
Being part of a group helps people work toward shared goals and responsibilities. Feeling like you belong can boost your motivation, and the group’s support helps you succeed.
Synaptic pruning
Removes unnecessary synaptic as you grow
Grows super big as your a kid and cuts it out when older
Whats is developmental psychology
This theory focuses more on how our development is shaped by social interactions rather than just sexual factors. It explains that we go through eight stages of development throughout our lives.
Longitudinal studies
research that follows & retests the same people over time
Cross-sectional studies:
research that compares people of different ages at
Zygote
Life cycle begins at conception when one sperm cell unites with an egg to form a zygote (fertilized egg). Zygote enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division
Fetus
In the next 6 weeks, body organs begin to form and function. By 9 weeks, fetus is recognizably human
Teratogens
Dangerous to a fetus
Alcohol
Assimilation
Interpret, or make sense of, our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
Accommodation
Adapting our current schemas (understandings) to incorporate new information
Object permanence
If you can’t see it it doesn’t exists
What is Cognition
Mental processes in the brain
Vygotsky
Parents teach them lean through other
Authoritative
parents are both responsive and demanding
They set clear rules and expectations but are also warm, supportive, and open to communication.
Neglectful
neither demanding NOR responsive
They are detached and provide little attention, support, or guidance, often meeting only the child’s basic physical needs.
Permissive
resposing but not demanding
They are indulgent, set few boundaries,and often avoid enforcing rules, allowing the child to do what they want. “Bedtime whenever you want.”
Absolute threshold
The smaller thing you can detect 50% of time
Subliminal
input below the absolute threshold for conscious awareness
Priming
used to activate unconscious associations
Just notice difference
Minimum difference a person can detect between any two stimuli half the time; increases with stimulus size
Sensation
you know your touching
Perception
you know what touching
Light wave characteristics
Dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light
Short wave blue
Long wave red
Cons
Function in daylight or in well-lit conditions COLOR
Cones are sensitive to detail and color.
Rods
LIGHT Rods are sensitive to faint light
Secure
n their mother’s presence, these children play comfortably, happily exploring their new environment. When she leaves, they become upset. When she returns, they seek contact with her.
Insecure
Infants avoid attachment or show insecure attachment, marked by either anxiety or avoidance of trusting relationships.
These children are less likely to explore and may cling to their Mother When she leaves, they may cry loudly and remain upset.
Top Bottom
using past knowledge to understand what you are seeing currently
Bottom up
when touching something it send signals to brain to let you know you are touching it
Context effects
the influence of surrounding environmental factors & stimuli on the interpretation of a specific stimulus
Weber Law
Principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)
Light = 8%, Weight = 2%, Tones = 0.2%
THE NUMBERS
Piaget
theory of Mind
ability to read the mental state of others
egocentrism
a stage of development when a child has difficulty understanding other perspectives and is focused on their own thoughts
Sensorimotor stage:
birth to nearly 2 years
exploring their world through there senses
Concrete operational stage:
7-11 understand simple math conservation
Preoperational stage:
2-7 pretend play imagination
Formal operational stage:
12-adult children can think fully
This and that
Understand and think something that is not real
Habituation
decrease in responding with repeated stimulation
ex:Fetuses have adapted to vibrating, honking device on mother’s abdomen
Stage theories
trait theories
stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust
(0 to 1 year).
needs are meet and comforted
needs are not meet
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
(1 - 3 years).
-encouragement to explore(independence)
-controling feeling shame about abilties
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
Preschool (3 - 6 years)
I-support leads to motivation to learn on own
G-discourgment leads to guilts for wanted to learn & be independent
Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority
6-12ish
Industry: Success in school and social interactions builds a sense of industry and competence.
Inferiority: Repeated failure or lack of encouragement results in feelings of inferiority.
Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion
12-20s
-exploring identity and hobbies values etc confident
- feeling confused on identity and uncertain about future plans
Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation
20s-40s
strong relationships
feeling isolated
Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation
40s-60s
being involved in the community helpsing others
feeling stuck and becoming selfish
Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair
60s-death
-feeling proud and content with life
feeling disappointed and unfulfilled with life
Authoritarian:
They enforce strict rules and expect obedience without much warmth or explanation.
Gestalt Principles
A Unified Whole
-organize shapes and colors to make sense of what we see
People naturally group bits of information into a whole (gestalt) to understand them better.
Proximity
we group nearby figures together
Continuity
we perceive smooth, continues patterns rather than discontinues ones
Closure
we fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object
Depth perception
Ability to see objects in three dimensions, although images that strike retina are two-dimensional
Visual Cliff
Crawling infants tend to gaze downward, making it more likely for them to stare at possible hazards they are approaching.
Sound Intensity
is measured in decibels
Toxic noise
may cause hearing loss.
Involves prolonged exposure to ear-splitting mu
Short wavelength
high frequency
High pitch sounds
Long wavelength
Low frequency
Low pitch sounds
Great amplitudes
(loud sounds)
