Chapter 8 Flashcards
Psy
Memory
Persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
Measures of memory
Recall
Recognition
Relearning
Recall
Retrieving information that is not currently in conscious awareness but was learned an early time
Recognition
Identity items previously learned
Relearning
Learning something more quickly when encountering it a second or later time
Information-processing model
Compares human memory to computer operations
Involves three processes: Encoding, storage retrieval
Sensory memory
The immediate process of memory
Short term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten
Long term memory
working memory
automatic processes
process info outside of being consciously aware
central executive
working memory decides if you remember it or not
explicit memory
esaily recall and explain activly try to learn it
Implicit memory
memories you don’t conciues think about or actively try to remember ex: middle name
procedural memory
or automatic skills and classically conditioned associations among stimuli.
Information is automatically processed
Time, space, frequency
Effortful processing / explicit memories
practicing makes explicit memories become automatic
George Miller
magical number 7+/-2
Baddeley
without distraction person can remember 7 numbers, 6 letters, 5 words
Chunking:
Organization of items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
Mnemonics
memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
PEMDAS
Hierarchie
Organization of items into a few broad categories that are divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts
Massed practice
Produces speedy short-term learning and feelings of confidence
Distributed practice
Produces better long-term recall
Shallow processing
encodes information on a very basic level (a word’s letters) or a more intermediate level (a word’s sound)
Testing effect
Retrieval practice effect or test- enhanced effect; repeated self-testing
self-reference effect.
Individualist Western cultures tend to exhibit
Collectivist Eastern cultures
end to remember self-relevant and family-relevant information equally well.
Deep processing
Encodes information semantically based on word meaning
Elaboration
give what learning extra meaning by relating othering thing you know
transfer info into long term memory
Generation effect
creating information yourself,rather than just copying
Testing effect
making your own questions
Spacing effect
remember information other shorter sessions in between
Familiarity effect:
rereading makes material more familiar.
Procedural
Muscle coordination
IMPLICIT