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PS102 > PS102 - FINAL (CH. 13 & 14) > Flashcards

PS102 - FINAL (CH. 13 & 14) Flashcards

1
Q

social psychology

A

an area of psychology that seeks to understand, explain, and predict how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others

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2
Q

social cognition

A

the way in which people perceive and interpret themselves and others in their social world

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3
Q

attitudes

A

relatively stable and enduring evaluations of things and people

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4
Q

ABC model of attitudes

A

a model proposing that attitudes have three components: the affective component, the behavioural component, and the cognitive component

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5
Q

The affective component (ABC Model)

A

how we feel toward an object

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6
Q

The behavioural component

A

how we behave toward an object

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7
Q

The cognitive component

A

what we believe about an object

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8
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

a state of emotional discomfort people experience when they hold two contradictory beliefs or hold a belief that contradicts their behaviour

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9
Q

self-perception theory

A

a theory suggesting that when people are uncertain of their attitudes, they infer what the attitudes are by observing their own behaviour

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10
Q

attitude specificity

A

The more specific an attitude, the more likely it is to predict behaviour

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11
Q

attitude strength

A

stronger attitudes predict behaviour more accurately than weak or vague attitudes

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12
Q

implicit attitude

A

an attitude of which the person is unaware

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13
Q

stereotypes

A

fixed overgeneralized and oversimplified beliefs about a person or a group of people based on assumptions about the group

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14
Q

prejudice

A

negative and unjust feelings about individuals based on their inclusion in a particular group

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15
Q

social identity theory

A

suggests that in social situations individuals often identity as a member of the group. They see themselves at times as a member of the group rather than an individual

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16
Q

Social identity theory proposes that prejudice emerges through three processes:

A
  1. Social categorization - a person affiliates with a particular group as a way of figuring out how to act and react in the world
  2. Social identity - the person forms an identity within the group
  3. Social comparison - the group member compares the group favourably with other groups, and in turn derives a sense of positive well-being from looking at himself as superior in some way
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17
Q

central route to persuasion

A

emphasizes the content of the message, using factual information and logical arguments to persuade
- requires a fair amount of effort on the receiver’s part
- commonly used for matters of some significance
- decisions based on central route are more likely to last than decisions based on peropheral route

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18
Q

peripheral route of persuasion

A

relies on more superficial information, feelings, and impressions
- When you respond to peripheral appeals, you are responding to such factors as how attractive the spokesperson is and how amusing or engaging the message is

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19
Q

foot-in-the-door technique

A

involves getting someone to agree to a small request and then following up with a much larger one

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20
Q

door-in-the-face technique

A

involves making an absurd first request that will obviously be turned down, and then following it with a more moderate request

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21
Q

appeals to fear

A

Pursuading reciever by using fear
- must have a credible source sending the message
- must make receivers truly believe that something bad will happen to them if they don’t comply with the source’s request
- E.g., Anti-smoking campaigns

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22
Q

Barriers to Persuasion

A
  • Forewarning an audience that you will be trying to persuade them of something will immediately raise their defences
  • Beginning with a weak argument instead of a strong one can make subsequent arguments seem weaker
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23
Q

attributions

A

causal explanations of behaviour

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24
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency to use dispositional attributions to explain the behaviour of other people

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25
Q

actor–observer effect

A

the discrepancy between how we explain other people’s behaviour (dispositionally) and how we explain our own behaviour (situationally)

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26
Q

self-serving bias

A

the tendency people have to attribute their successes to internal causes and their failures to external ones

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27
Q

norms

A

social rules about how members of a society are expected to act

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28
Q

social role

A

a set of norms ascribed to a person’s social position—expectations and duties associated with the individual’s position in the family, at work, in the community, and in other settings

29
Q

conformity

A

the tendency to yield to social pressure

30
Q

obedience

A

the act of following direct commands, usually given by an authority figure

31
Q

Millgram’s experiement outcome

A

the study revealed something profoundly disturbing about human nature—namely, that we are inclined to obey authority, even if it means behaving in ways we would never predict we would behave

32
Q

social facilitation

A

an effect in which the presence of others enhances performance

33
Q

social loafing

A

a phenomenon in which people exert less effort on a collective task than they would on a comparable individual task; also known as free riding

34
Q

group polarization

A

the intensification of an initial tendency of individual group members brought about by group discussion

35
Q

groupthink

A

a form of faulty group decision making that occurs when group members strive for unanimity, and this goal overrides their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action

36
Q

altruism

A

self-sacrificing behaviour carried out for the benefit of others

37
Q

Bystander Effect

A

the inhibiting of the presence of others on a persons willingness to help someone in need
- If your car is broken down in the rain at the side of the road and no one is stopping to help, you may be experiencing firsthand the bystander effect

38
Q

aggression

A

a broad range of behaviours intended to harm others

39
Q

triangular theory of love

A

a theory proposed by Robert Sternberg that love is composed of three elements: intimacy, passion, and commitment

40
Q

stress

A

state brought on by any situation that threatens or appears to threaten a person’s sense of well-being, thus challenging the individual’s ability to cope

41
Q

stressor

A

a situation or circumstance that triggers the stress response

42
Q

acute stressor

A

a stressful situation or circumstance that happens in the short term and has a definite endpoint

43
Q

chronic stressor

A

a stressful situation or circumstance that is more long term and often lacks a definite endpoint

44
Q

frustration

A

an emotion people experience when thwarted (prevented from accomplishing) in pursuit of a goal

45
Q

pressure

A

an expectation or demand that someone act in a certain way

46
Q

conflict

A

discomfort brought about by two or more goals or impulses perceived to be incompatible

47
Q

approach–approach conflict

A

conflict that occurs when a person must choose between two equally desirable options

48
Q

avoidance–avoidance conflict

A

conflict that occurs when a person must choose between two equally undesirable options

49
Q

approach–avoidance conflict

A

conflict that occurs when any available choice has both desirable and undesirable qualities

50
Q

daily hassles

A

everyday annoyances that contribute to higher stress levels; also known as micro-stressors

51
Q

life changes

A

shifts in life circumstances that require adjustment of some kind

52
Q

traumatic events

A

unexpected events severe enough to create extreme disruptions

53
Q

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

an anxiety disorder experienced in response to a major traumatic event, characterized by lingering, persistent, frightening thoughts or memories of the traumatic events, along with anxiety, depression, and other symptoms

54
Q

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

a three-stage response to stress identified by Hans Selye; the stages are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

55
Q

primary appraisal

A

appraisal of a stressor to determine how severe it is; the first stage in Richard Lazarus’s description of how people experience stress

56
Q

secondary appraisal

A

appraisal of one’s personal resources and ability to cope with a stressor; the second stage in Richard Lazarus’s description of how people experience stress

57
Q

Type A

A

a personality type characterized by competitiveness, impatience, and anger and hostility

58
Q

Type B

A

a personality type that is less aggressive, more relaxed, and less hostile than Type A

59
Q

Type C

A

a personality type characterized by difficulty in expressing or acknowledging negative feelings

60
Q

Type D

A

a personality type characterized by negative affectivity such as worry or gloominess and social inhibition

61
Q

meditation

A

technique designed to turn one’s consciousness away from the outer world toward one’s inner cues and awareness

62
Q

problem-focused coping

A

coping strategies focused on dealing directly with the stressor, such as by changing the stressor in some way

63
Q

emotion-focused coping

A

coping strategies focused on changing one’s feelings about the stressor

64
Q

psychoneuroimmunology

A

an area of study focusing on links between stress, the immune system, and health

65
Q

immune system

A

the body’s system of organs, tissues, and cells that identify and destroy foreign invaders, such as bacteria and viruses, as well as cancer cells

66
Q

lymphocytes

A

white blood cells that circulate through the body and destroy foreign invaders and cancer cells; important components of the immune system

67
Q

eustress

A

the optimal level of stress needed to promote physical and psychological health

68
Q

inoculation

A

exposing oneself to a relatively low level of stress in a controlled situation to improve later performance in a more stressful situation

PS102 (3 decks)

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