Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology (PS101) > PS101 - MIDTERM 1 > Flashcards

PS101 - MIDTERM 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

Reasoning proceeding from broad basic principles applied to specific situations
E.g., Betting that a particular team will win a playoff game because it is the home team and you beliebe the home team had an advantage
Theory > Predictions > Observation/Experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Reasoning process proceeding from small specific situations to more general truths
Observation/Experiment > Predictions > Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Empirical

A

Able to be tested in objective ways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Theories

A

Ideaa about laws that govern phenomena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hypothetico-deductive Reasoning

A

Process of modern science where scientists begin with an aducated guess, perhaps based on prvious research about how the world works, then set about designing small controlled observations to support or invalidate that hypothesis
Hypothesis > Observation/Experiement > Hypothesis supported or not: Theory built

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hypothesis

A

A general statement about the way variables relate that is objectively falsifiable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Independent Variable

A

Condition or event that is thought to be a factor in changing another condition or event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Condition or event that you expect to change as a result of variations in the independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sample

A

The group of people studied in an experiment, used to stand for an entire group of people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Random Selection

A

Identifying a sample in such a way that everyone in the population of interest has and equal chance of being involved in the study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Case Study

A

Study focusing on a single person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Study in which recearchers firectly observe people in a study behaving as they normally do
E.g., observing chimps in their daily life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

What happends whe people who are being observed in studies improve/change their behaviour because they are aware they are being watched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Survey

A

Study in which researchers give participants a questionnaire or interview

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Experimental Group

A

Group that is exposed to the independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Control Group

A

Group that has not been or iwll not be exposed to the independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Random Assignment

A

Assigning individual research volunteers to experimental and control groups using a random process so that uncontrolled variables are randomly/evenly distributed across all groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Double-blind Procedure

A

Study in which niether the participant nor the researcher knows the treatment or procedure thr participant is recieving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Poisitive Correlation

A

Relationship in which, on average, scores on two variables increase together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Negative Correlation

A

Relationship in which, on average scores on one variable increase as scores on another variable decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Perfect Correlation

A

Two variables are exactly related, such that low, medium and high scores on both variables are always exactly related

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Mean

A

Average of all scores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Standard Deviation

A

How much the participants’ scores vary from one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Help to draw conculsions about the data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Research Ethics Board (REB)

A

Research oversight group that evaluates research to protect the rights of participants in the study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Informed Consent

A

What occurs when researchers give as uch information as possible about the purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits of the study so that a participant can make an informed decision about whether or not to participate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Debriefing

A

The supplying of full information to participants at the end of their participation in a research study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

T-test

A

Psychologists compare mean by using T-tests, which are for groups of 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Analyses of Variance

A

Psychologists compare mean by using analyses of variance, which is for 2 or more groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Set up studies so that they do not unintentionally convey to participants the outcome that they expect to see

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Sampling Bias

A

Selecting a group that is ecpecially likely to confirm your hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Operationalize

A

To develop a working defention of a variable that allows you to test it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Single-blind Procedure

A

Only the researcher doing the study knows which treatment the participant is reciving until trial is over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Neuroscience

A

The study of the brain and nervous system

35
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

A non-invasive technique used to detect and localize electrical activity in the brain

36
Q

Neuroimaging

A

Techniques that allow for studying brain activity and structure by obtaining visual images in awake humans

37
Q

Neuroimaging techniques include…

A

MRI & fMRI, CT, PET, TMS, DTI

38
Q

Neuron

A

A nerve cell that carries info between parts of the body and nervous system

39
Q

Afferent Neurons

A

Neurons that carry sensroty info from PNS to CNS

40
Q

Efferent Neurons

A

Neurons that carry info out from CNS to PNS

41
Q

Interneurons

A

Neurons that typically have a short axon and serve as a relay between different classes of neurons

42
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Gather sensory information from the body, neck. and head and deliver it to the spinal cord and brain. Peripheral nerves that transmit information about body sensation and movement to and from the CNS
- Controls voluntary muscles and conveys sensory information

43
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Comprises the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
- Controls involuntary basic life functions, such as heart beat, and response to stress

44
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Part of the autonomic nervous system that is activated under conditions of stress
- Responsible for fight-or-flight

45
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

The part of the autonomic nervous system that is active during restful times
- Calms body

46
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Portion of the central nervous system that extends from teh base of the bain and mediates sensory and motor information

47
Q

The Hindbrain

A

The part of the brain closest to the spinal cord that consists of the medulaa, the pons, and the cerebellum

48
Q

Medulla

A

The part of the brain that controls basic bodily processes and regulates certain reflexes

49
Q

Pons

A

Uppermost or front part of the brainstream. Acts as a bridge between the medulla and other brain areas

50
Q

Norepinephrine

A

A neurotransmitter that is important for arousal and attention

51
Q

The Cerebellum

A

The part of the brain, near the base of the back of the head, important for motor coordination (movement of body parts to complete and action)

52
Q

Dopamine

A

Neurotransmitter produced by neurons in the hindbrain and involved in movement and reward mechanisms

53
Q

Substania Nigra

A

A brain region important in fluidity of movement and inhibating movements

54
Q

Thalamus

A

An area of the brain that serves, in part, as a relay station for incoming sensory information

55
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Brain structure important for motivation and control of the endocrine system

56
Q

Endocrine System

A

System that controls levels of hormones throught the body

57
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Brain structure that plays a central role in controlling the endocrine system

58
Q

Limbic System

A

Group of interconnefcted brain structures that are associated with learning, memory, basic emotions, and drives

59
Q

Amygdala

A

Brain area involved in processing information about emotions, particularly fear

60
Q

Hippocampus

A

Brain region important for certain types of learning and memory
- Temp stores memories

61
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Largest portion of the brain, responsible for complex behaviours including language and thought

62
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Love of the cortex and the back of the skull, important for processing very visual information (vision)

63
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Part of the cortex important in processing sound, in speech comprehension, and in recognizing complex visual stimuli, such as faces

64
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Lobe of cortex involved in processing information related to touch and complex visual information, particularly about locations

65
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Lobe of cortex involved in many functions, including movement and speech production

66
Q

Broca’s Area

A

A brain region located in the frontal lobe important for speech production

67
Q

Werniche’s Area

A

Ab area of the tenporal lobe important in helping us understand language

68
Q

Prefrontal Lobe

A

Portion of the frontal cortex involved in higher-order thinking, such as memory, moral reasoning, and planning

69
Q

Dendrites

A

The parts of the neurons that recieve input from other neurons

70
Q

Axon

A

The part of the neuron that carries information away from the cell body toward other neurons

71
Q

Axon Terminal

A

The end of a neurons axon, from which neurotransmitters are released

72
Q

Glia

A

The cells that, in addition to neurons, make up the nervous system

73
Q

Astrocytes

A

Creates blood-brain barrier, influences communication between Neurons, and helps heal brain damage

74
Q

Oligodendroglia

A

Provides myelin to speed up transmission of neurons

75
Q

Microglia

A

Cleans up dead cells and prvents infection in the brain

76
Q

Resting Potential

A

The electrical charge of a neuron when it is at rest

77
Q

Synapse

A

Tiny spaces between the axon terminal of one neuron and the neuron through which chemical communication occurs

78
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Specialized chemicals that travel across synapses to allow communication

79
Q

Evolution

A

The process of development and divergence of life on this planet

80
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Bundle of axons that allows communication from one side of the cortex to the other
- Connects two brain hemispheres

81
Q

Homologus Traits

A

Characteristics that are similar between species and can be traced back to a common ancestor

82
Q

Analogous Traits

A

Characteristics that have evolved independently in different species

83
Q

Integrated Brain

A

No brain region works alone

Psychology (PS101) (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions