PS101 - FINAL EXAM (Ch. 15-16) Flashcards
Abnormal Psychology
The scientific study of psychological disorders
“The Four D’s”
Most definitions of abnormality have key features, often called “The Four D’s”
1. Deviance - Behaviour, thoughts, and emotions are considered abnormal when they deviate from society’s ideas about proper functioning
2. Distress - Behaviours, ideas, or emotions usually must also cause distress or unhappiness
3. Dysfunction - Behaviour tends to interfere with daily functioning, as opposed to behaviour that is ecentric but part of a persons life. When behaviour upsests people so that they cant take proper care of themselves ect., then it is abnormal
4. Danger - Become dangerous to themselves and others
An eccentric
Someone who deviates from common behaviiour patterns or displays odd behaviour
- E.g., Lady Gaga has eccentric style
International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
The system used by most countries to classify psychological disorders; Published by the World Health Organization and currently in its 11th edition
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
The leading classification system for psychological disorders in Canada; DSM-5 is the current version
Diagnosis
A clinicians determination that a persons cluster of symptoms represents a particular disorder
Comorbidity
The condition in which a person’s symptoms qualify them for two or more diagnoses
Family Systems Theory
A theory holding that each family has it’s own implicit rules, relationship structure, and communication patterns that shape the behaviour of the individual members
Developmental Psychopathology
The study of how problem behaviours evolve as a funtion of a peron’s genes and early experiences, and how these early issues effect the person at later life stages
Risk Factors
Biological and environmental factors that contribute to the problem outcomes
Equifinality
The idea that different children can start from different points and wind up at the same outcome
Multifinality
The idea that children can start from the same point and wind up at any number of ourcomes
Resilience
The ability to recover from or avoid the serious effects of the negative circumstances
Depression
A persistent sad state in which life seems dark and it’s challenges overwhelming
Mania
A persistent state of euphoria or frienzied energy
Major Depressive Disorder
A disorder characterized by a depressed mood that is significantly disabling and is not caused by such factors as drugs or a general medical condition
Bipolar Disorder
A mood disorder in which periods of mania alternate with periods of depression
Cognitive Triad
A pattern of thinking in which individuals repeatedly interpret their experiences, themselves, and their futures in negative ways that lead them to feel depressed
Automatic Thoughts
Specific upsetting thoughts that arise univited
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
An anxiety disorder in which people feel excessive anxiety and worry undert most circumstances
Social Anxiety Disorder
An anxiety disorder in which people feel severe, persistent, and irrational fears of social or performance situations in which embarassment may occur
Phobia
A persistent and unreasonable fear of a particulat object, activity, or situation
Panic Attacks
Periodic, short bouts of panic
- Occur suddenly as a wave of intense fear, reach a peak within 10 mins, and gradually pass
Panic Disorder
AN anxiety disorder characterized by reccurent and unpredictable panic attacks that occur without apparent provocation
Agoraphobia
A phobia that makes people avoid public spaces or situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable should panic symptoms develop
Obsessions
Persistent thoughts, ideasm impulses, or images that seem to invade a person’s consciousness
Compulsions
Irrational repetitive and rigid behaviours or mental acts that people feel compelled to perform to prevent or reduce anxiety
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
A mental disorder associated with repeated, abnormal, anxiety-provoking thoughts and/or repeated rigid behaviours
Acute Stress Disorder
An anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms are experienced soon after a traumatic event and last less than a month
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
An anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms continue to be experienced long after a traumatic event
Schizophrenia
A mental disorder characterized by disorganized thoughts, lack of contact with reality, and sometimes hallucinations
Psychosis
Loss of contact with reality
Positive Symptoms (In the case of schizophrenia)
Symptoms that seem to represent pathological excess in behaviour, including delusions, disorganized thinking and speech, hallucinations, and innopropriate effect
Delusions
Blantantly false beliefs that are firmly held despite evidence to the contrary
Delusions of Persecution
People with this believe they are being plotted agaisnt, spied on, slandered, threatened, attacked, or victimized
Delusions of Glandeur
People with this believe they have a special talent or that they are privy to secret knowledge
Loose Associations or Development
A common thought disorder of schizophrenia, characterized by rapid shifts from one topic to another
Hallucinations
Imagined sights, sounds, or other sensory events experienced as if they were real
Negative Symptoms (In the case of schizophrenia)
Symptoms that seem to reflect pathological deficits, including poverty of speech, flat effect, loss of volition, and social withdrawl
- Poverty of speech - Reduction in speech
- Flat affect - Showing very little anger, sadness, joy, etc
Catatonia
Extreme psychomotor symptoms of schizophrenia, including catatonic stupor, catatonic rigidity, and catatonic posturing
Canatonic Stupor
People in a catatonic stupor stop responding to their environment, remaining motionless, and silent for long stretches of time
Catatonic Rigidity
People in a catatonic rigidity maintin rigid upright posture for hours and resist efforts to be moved
Catatonic Posturing
People in a catatonic posturing assume awkward, bissare positions for long periods of time
Antipsychotic Drugs
Medications that help remove the symptoms of schizophrenia
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Excessive thought, feelings, and behaviours related to somatic Symptoms
Dissociative Disorder
A psychological disorder characterized by major loss of memory with out a clear physical cause; types include dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative indentity disorder
Dissociative Amnesia
Unable to recal important information, usually of an upsetting nature about their lives
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
Stress alters perceptions. Memory is uneffected, but the person becomes detached from the body and/or self
- Feeling like they are observing themselves from a vantage point, feeling robotic
Dissociative Identitiy Disorder
2 or more distinct personalities, each with a unique set of behaviours, memories, thoughts, and emotions
- Personalities can switch at any time
Personality Disorder
An inflexible patter of inner experience and outward behaviour that causes distress or difficulty with dailt functioning
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Personality disorder characterized by extreme and callous disregard for the feelings and rights of others
Borderline Personality Disorder
Personality disorder characterized by severe instability in emotions and self-concept and high levels of volatility
Treatment/Therapy
Systematic Procedures designed to change abnormal behaviour into more normal behaviour
Psychotherapy
A treatment in which a client and therapist use words and acts to overcome the clients psychological difficulties
Biological Therapy
The use of psychical and chemical procedures to help people overcome psychological difficulties
Psychotropic Drugs
Medicaitons that act primarily on the brain
Antipsychotic Drugs
Psychotropic drugs that help correct glossy confused or distorted thinking
Antidepressant Drugs
Psychotropic drugs that lift the modd of depressed people
Mood Stabalizing Drugs
Psychotropic drugs that help stablize the moods of people duffereing from bipolar disorder
Antianxiety Drugs
Psychotropic drugs that reduce tension and anxiety
Classic Antipsychotic Drugs
- These drugs help patients experiencing positive symptoms like hallucinations and paranoia
- Include chloropromazine, thioridazine, and haloperidol
Atypical Drugs
- Usually taken by patients experiencing negavtive symptoms because classical drugs do very little for them. (classical drugs are for +ve symptoms)
- Best treatment for schizophrenia
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Use of electric shock to trigger a brain seizure in hopes of relieving abnormal funtioning
- Used primarily for people with severe depression
Vagus Nerve Stimulation
A procedure in which an implated device sends electrical signals to the brain through the vagus nerve; used to treat severe depression
Transcarnial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
A procedure in which a electromagnetic coil placed on/above a eprsons head sends a current into the prefrontal cortex; used to treat servere depression
Psychosurgery
Brain surgery often used in hopes of relieving abnormal functioning
Trephining
Prehistoric practice of chipping a hole in the skill as a treatnebt for various brain conditions
Lobotomy
Surgical ptractice of cutting the connections between the frontal lobe and the lower centres of the brain
-Patients who underwent surgey later suffered serious, irreversible effects including seizures, even death
Deep Brain Stimulation
A procedure in which implanted electrodes deliver constant low stimulation to a small area of the brain; used to treat severe depression, parkinsons disease, and epilepsy
Free Association
Psychodynamic therapy technique of allowing to freely talk about whatever they want
Resistance
Practice in which clients encounter a block in their free associations or change the subject to avoud a potentially painful disscusion
Transference
Process through which clients come to act and feel toward the therapist as they did toward important figures in their childhood
Catharsis
Relieving of past repressed feelings as a means of settling internal conflicts and overcoming problems
Relational Psychoanalytic Theory
A school of psychodynamic therapy holding that therapists should work to form more equal relationships with clients
Aversion Therapy
Therapy designed to help clients to aquire anxiety responses to stimuli that they clients have been finding too attractive
- Opposite of systematic desensitzation
Token Economy
Operant conditioning therapy program in which participants recieve tokens when they display desired behaviours
Social Skills Training
Behavioural therapy technique in which therapists serve as models and teachers to help clients aquire desired social behaviours
Rational-Emotive Behavioural Therapy
Ellis’ therapy technique designed to helpp clietns discover and change the irrational assumptions that fovern their emotions, behaviours, and thinking
Cognitive Therapy
Humanistic therapy designed to help clients experience unconditional positive regard and look at themselves honesetly and acceptingly
Individual Therapy
Psychotherapy format in which the therapist sees the client alone; the oldest of the modern formats
Group Therapy
Psychotherapy format in which a therapist sees several clients at the same time
Self-Help Groups
Groups consisting of people who have similar problems and come together to help and support one another without the direct leadership of a professional clinician
Family Therapy
A format in which therapists meet with all members of a family to help the whole family to change
Couple Therapy/Relationship Counselling
Therapy format in which a therapist works with two people who are in a long-term relationship
Community Mental Health Treatment
Treatment programs that emphasize community care, including an emphasis on prevention
Therapy Outcome Studies
Research that looks at the effects of various treatments
Gender-Sensitive/Feminist-Therapies
Approaches that seek to adress the unique pressures of being a female
Empiracally Supported/Evidence-Based Treatment Movement
Movement to help clinicians becoe more familiar with/and apply research findings concerning the effectiveness of particular treatments
