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Psychology (PS101) > PS101 - FINAL EXAM (Ch. 15-16) > Flashcards

PS101 - FINAL EXAM (Ch. 15-16) Flashcards

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1
Q

Abnormal Psychology

A

The scientific study of psychological disorders

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2
Q

“The Four D’s”

A

Most definitions of abnormality have key features, often called “The Four D’s”
1. Deviance - Behaviour, thoughts, and emotions are considered abnormal when they deviate from society’s ideas about proper functioning
2. Distress - Behaviours, ideas, or emotions usually must also cause distress or unhappiness
3. Dysfunction - Behaviour tends to interfere with daily functioning, as opposed to behaviour that is ecentric but part of a persons life. When behaviour upsests people so that they cant take proper care of themselves ect., then it is abnormal
4. Danger - Become dangerous to themselves and others

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3
Q

An eccentric

A

Someone who deviates from common behaviiour patterns or displays odd behaviour
- E.g., Lady Gaga has eccentric style

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4
Q

International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

A

The system used by most countries to classify psychological disorders; Published by the World Health Organization and currently in its 11th edition

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5
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

A

The leading classification system for psychological disorders in Canada; DSM-5 is the current version

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6
Q

Diagnosis

A

A clinicians determination that a persons cluster of symptoms represents a particular disorder

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7
Q

Comorbidity

A

The condition in which a person’s symptoms qualify them for two or more diagnoses

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8
Q

Family Systems Theory

A

A theory holding that each family has it’s own implicit rules, relationship structure, and communication patterns that shape the behaviour of the individual members

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9
Q

Developmental Psychopathology

A

The study of how problem behaviours evolve as a funtion of a peron’s genes and early experiences, and how these early issues effect the person at later life stages

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10
Q

Risk Factors

A

Biological and environmental factors that contribute to the problem outcomes

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11
Q

Equifinality

A

The idea that different children can start from different points and wind up at the same outcome

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12
Q

Multifinality

A

The idea that children can start from the same point and wind up at any number of ourcomes

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13
Q

Resilience

A

The ability to recover from or avoid the serious effects of the negative circumstances

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14
Q

Depression

A

A persistent sad state in which life seems dark and it’s challenges overwhelming

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15
Q

Mania

A

A persistent state of euphoria or frienzied energy

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16
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

A disorder characterized by a depressed mood that is significantly disabling and is not caused by such factors as drugs or a general medical condition

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17
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

A mood disorder in which periods of mania alternate with periods of depression

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18
Q

Cognitive Triad

A

A pattern of thinking in which individuals repeatedly interpret their experiences, themselves, and their futures in negative ways that lead them to feel depressed

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19
Q

Automatic Thoughts

A

Specific upsetting thoughts that arise univited

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20
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

An anxiety disorder in which people feel excessive anxiety and worry undert most circumstances

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21
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A

An anxiety disorder in which people feel severe, persistent, and irrational fears of social or performance situations in which embarassment may occur

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22
Q

Phobia

A

A persistent and unreasonable fear of a particulat object, activity, or situation

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23
Q

Panic Attacks

A

Periodic, short bouts of panic
- Occur suddenly as a wave of intense fear, reach a peak within 10 mins, and gradually pass

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24
Q

Panic Disorder

A

AN anxiety disorder characterized by reccurent and unpredictable panic attacks that occur without apparent provocation

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25
Q

Agoraphobia

A

A phobia that makes people avoid public spaces or situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable should panic symptoms develop

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26
Q

Obsessions

A

Persistent thoughts, ideasm impulses, or images that seem to invade a person’s consciousness

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27
Q

Compulsions

A

Irrational repetitive and rigid behaviours or mental acts that people feel compelled to perform to prevent or reduce anxiety

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28
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A

A mental disorder associated with repeated, abnormal, anxiety-provoking thoughts and/or repeated rigid behaviours

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29
Q

Acute Stress Disorder

A

An anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms are experienced soon after a traumatic event and last less than a month

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30
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

An anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms continue to be experienced long after a traumatic event

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31
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A mental disorder characterized by disorganized thoughts, lack of contact with reality, and sometimes hallucinations

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32
Q

Psychosis

A

Loss of contact with reality

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33
Q

Positive Symptoms (In the case of schizophrenia)

A

Symptoms that seem to represent pathological excess in behaviour, including delusions, disorganized thinking and speech, hallucinations, and innopropriate effect

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34
Q

Delusions

A

Blantantly false beliefs that are firmly held despite evidence to the contrary

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35
Q

Delusions of Persecution

A

People with this believe they are being plotted agaisnt, spied on, slandered, threatened, attacked, or victimized

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36
Q

Delusions of Glandeur

A

People with this believe they have a special talent or that they are privy to secret knowledge

37
Q

Loose Associations or Development

A

A common thought disorder of schizophrenia, characterized by rapid shifts from one topic to another

38
Q

Hallucinations

A

Imagined sights, sounds, or other sensory events experienced as if they were real

39
Q

Negative Symptoms (In the case of schizophrenia)

A

Symptoms that seem to reflect pathological deficits, including poverty of speech, flat effect, loss of volition, and social withdrawl
- Poverty of speech - Reduction in speech
- Flat affect - Showing very little anger, sadness, joy, etc

40
Q

Catatonia

A

Extreme psychomotor symptoms of schizophrenia, including catatonic stupor, catatonic rigidity, and catatonic posturing

41
Q

Canatonic Stupor

A

People in a catatonic stupor stop responding to their environment, remaining motionless, and silent for long stretches of time

42
Q

Catatonic Rigidity

A

People in a catatonic rigidity maintin rigid upright posture for hours and resist efforts to be moved

43
Q

Catatonic Posturing

A

People in a catatonic posturing assume awkward, bissare positions for long periods of time

44
Q

Antipsychotic Drugs

A

Medications that help remove the symptoms of schizophrenia

45
Q

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

A

Excessive thought, feelings, and behaviours related to somatic Symptoms

46
Q

Dissociative Disorder

A

A psychological disorder characterized by major loss of memory with out a clear physical cause; types include dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative indentity disorder

47
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

Unable to recal important information, usually of an upsetting nature about their lives

48
Q

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

A

Stress alters perceptions. Memory is uneffected, but the person becomes detached from the body and/or self
- Feeling like they are observing themselves from a vantage point, feeling robotic

49
Q

Dissociative Identitiy Disorder

A

2 or more distinct personalities, each with a unique set of behaviours, memories, thoughts, and emotions
- Personalities can switch at any time

50
Q

Personality Disorder

A

An inflexible patter of inner experience and outward behaviour that causes distress or difficulty with dailt functioning

51
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

Personality disorder characterized by extreme and callous disregard for the feelings and rights of others

52
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A

Personality disorder characterized by severe instability in emotions and self-concept and high levels of volatility

53
Q

Treatment/Therapy

A

Systematic Procedures designed to change abnormal behaviour into more normal behaviour

54
Q

Psychotherapy

A

A treatment in which a client and therapist use words and acts to overcome the clients psychological difficulties

55
Q

Biological Therapy

A

The use of psychical and chemical procedures to help people overcome psychological difficulties

56
Q

Psychotropic Drugs

A

Medicaitons that act primarily on the brain

57
Q

Antipsychotic Drugs

A

Psychotropic drugs that help correct glossy confused or distorted thinking

58
Q

Antidepressant Drugs

A

Psychotropic drugs that lift the modd of depressed people

59
Q

Mood Stabalizing Drugs

A

Psychotropic drugs that help stablize the moods of people duffereing from bipolar disorder

60
Q

Antianxiety Drugs

A

Psychotropic drugs that reduce tension and anxiety

61
Q

Classic Antipsychotic Drugs

A
  • These drugs help patients experiencing positive symptoms like hallucinations and paranoia
  • Include chloropromazine, thioridazine, and haloperidol
62
Q

Atypical Drugs

A
  • Usually taken by patients experiencing negavtive symptoms because classical drugs do very little for them. (classical drugs are for +ve symptoms)
  • Best treatment for schizophrenia
63
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A

Use of electric shock to trigger a brain seizure in hopes of relieving abnormal funtioning
- Used primarily for people with severe depression

64
Q

Vagus Nerve Stimulation

A

A procedure in which an implated device sends electrical signals to the brain through the vagus nerve; used to treat severe depression

65
Q

Transcarnial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

A procedure in which a electromagnetic coil placed on/above a eprsons head sends a current into the prefrontal cortex; used to treat servere depression

66
Q

Psychosurgery

A

Brain surgery often used in hopes of relieving abnormal functioning

67
Q

Trephining

A

Prehistoric practice of chipping a hole in the skill as a treatnebt for various brain conditions

68
Q

Lobotomy

A

Surgical ptractice of cutting the connections between the frontal lobe and the lower centres of the brain
-Patients who underwent surgey later suffered serious, irreversible effects including seizures, even death

69
Q

Deep Brain Stimulation

A

A procedure in which implanted electrodes deliver constant low stimulation to a small area of the brain; used to treat severe depression, parkinsons disease, and epilepsy

70
Q

Free Association

A

Psychodynamic therapy technique of allowing to freely talk about whatever they want

71
Q

Resistance

A

Practice in which clients encounter a block in their free associations or change the subject to avoud a potentially painful disscusion

72
Q

Transference

A

Process through which clients come to act and feel toward the therapist as they did toward important figures in their childhood

73
Q

Catharsis

A

Relieving of past repressed feelings as a means of settling internal conflicts and overcoming problems

74
Q

Relational Psychoanalytic Theory

A

A school of psychodynamic therapy holding that therapists should work to form more equal relationships with clients

75
Q

Aversion Therapy

A

Therapy designed to help clients to aquire anxiety responses to stimuli that they clients have been finding too attractive
- Opposite of systematic desensitzation

76
Q

Token Economy

A

Operant conditioning therapy program in which participants recieve tokens when they display desired behaviours

77
Q

Social Skills Training

A

Behavioural therapy technique in which therapists serve as models and teachers to help clients aquire desired social behaviours

78
Q

Rational-Emotive Behavioural Therapy

A

Ellis’ therapy technique designed to helpp clietns discover and change the irrational assumptions that fovern their emotions, behaviours, and thinking

79
Q

Cognitive Therapy

A

Humanistic therapy designed to help clients experience unconditional positive regard and look at themselves honesetly and acceptingly

80
Q

Individual Therapy

A

Psychotherapy format in which the therapist sees the client alone; the oldest of the modern formats

81
Q

Group Therapy

A

Psychotherapy format in which a therapist sees several clients at the same time

82
Q

Self-Help Groups

A

Groups consisting of people who have similar problems and come together to help and support one another without the direct leadership of a professional clinician

83
Q

Family Therapy

A

A format in which therapists meet with all members of a family to help the whole family to change

84
Q

Couple Therapy/Relationship Counselling

A

Therapy format in which a therapist works with two people who are in a long-term relationship

85
Q

Community Mental Health Treatment

A

Treatment programs that emphasize community care, including an emphasis on prevention

86
Q

Therapy Outcome Studies

A

Research that looks at the effects of various treatments

87
Q

Gender-Sensitive/Feminist-Therapies

A

Approaches that seek to adress the unique pressures of being a female

88
Q

Empiracally Supported/Evidence-Based Treatment Movement

A

Movement to help clinicians becoe more familiar with/and apply research findings concerning the effectiveness of particular treatments

Psychology (PS101) (3 decks)

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