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PS1003 > PS1003 Andrew: Structure and Function of Neurones > Flashcards

PS1003 Andrew: Structure and Function of Neurones Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nucleus

A

containing DNA, the genetic blueprint for the structure and function of the cell

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2
Q

What do the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes do?

A

Organelles and machinery for translating genetic code into proteins

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3
Q

An example of structural and metabolic proteins

A

Enzymes

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4
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

• Enzymes act as a catalyst in the reaction- we can identify certain neurones by its enzymes- indicates what the cell is doing.

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5
Q

What do metabolic machinery enable?

A

enabling glucose oxidation to provide energy

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6
Q

What do neurons and brain tissue need?

A

• Neurons need energy- but due to their own specializations do not have the same density as other cells can. Neuronal and brain tissue need a constant flow of blood to keep glucose levels up- brain tissues therefore is more susceptible to dying in accidents and such than other tissues

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7
Q

What do we use FMRI/MRI?

A

• we can do FMRI/MRI due to this constant need for oxygen in order to function- so we use this when looking at imagining.

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8
Q

What are dendrites?

A

network of find processes derived from cell body

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9
Q

What is the synapse?

A

connection between two neurones

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10
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

site of action potential generation- specialised for Action Potential

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11
Q

What is the axon?

A
  • elongated neural process, specialised for rapid signal transmission over long distances
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12
Q

what is myelination?

A

fatty sheath round axon- helps with conduction

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13
Q

What is the neuronal cell membrane deferentially permeable to?

A

intracellular and extracellular chemical constituents.

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14
Q

How do ions pass through the membrane?

A

• Some ions can pass through the membrane easily, others can pass through, but with difficulty, others cannot pass through at all

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15
Q

What is the result of the differential permeability to ions?

A

, there is an uneven distribution of charge across the membrane. this idiffernece is the membrane potential

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16
Q

what is the resting membrane potential of neurones

A

–70mV (that much more negative than the outside)

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17
Q

What are the main ions contributing to the membrane potential?

A

positively charged sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+), and negatively charged chloride (Cl-) and proteins (A-). These proteins are manufactured from within the cell.

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18
Q

What are the proteins and chemicals tat are inside the cell and what do they do?

A

• Inside the cell are those proteins that are made within the cell and are stuck in there. Potassium moves back and forth but the cell is impermeable to sodium and chloride. All these are competing- so the potassium is within the cell and the sodium and chloride are outside

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19
Q

What happens if specific proteins called ion-channels open and close?

A

. If they open they change the membrane potential.

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20
Q

How can incoming signals cause changes in the dendritic membrane potential?

A

by altering the permeability of the membrane to ions. This takes place in the dendrites.

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21
Q

what does increasing the permeability to sodium (NA+) cause?

A

the membrane potential to become less negative (depolarization)

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22
Q

What happens if sodium channels open?

A

there is a decrease in membrane potential

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23
Q

How do the proteins move?

A

• The proteins move down their concentration gradients

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24
Q

What does increasing the permeability to chloride (Cl-) cause?

A

the membrane potential to become more negative (hyperpolarization)

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25
Q

What happens to teh changes in charge (signal transmission in dendrites)?

A

it diffuses passively along the membrane from the point of origin. it is relatively slow and decays over distance

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26
Q

What is signal integration?

A

At any one point the membrane potential is determined by the sum of all the individual depolarising and hyperpolarising events originating nearby

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27
Q

What must we do in order for a signal?

A

we need the potential to get to a certain level. In which case, several channels will make the difference. As it is all integrated and works together.

28
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

Integration of information to see what is transmitted by the cell

29
Q

What happens if signal is inhibitory?

A

Several channels will need to be active for it to work but it just depolarises the cell

30
Q

how does distance affect ion channels?

A

If the ion channels are far apart they won’t have any influence on each other but closer they are then information is integrated

31
Q

What is the Membrane potential dependent on?

A

dependent on the sum of all the EPSPs and IPSPs occurring nearby. Therefore, polarising events occurring within a localised area of membrane will add together (spatial summation)

32
Q

What is an Excitatory Postsynaptic potential?

A

is a postsynaptic potential that makes the post synaptic neuron more likely to fire an action potential. This temporary depolarization of postsynaptic membrane potential, caused by the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell, is a result of opening ligand-gated ion channels.

33
Q

What is an Inhibitory Postsynaptic potential?

A

usually result from the flow of negative ions into the cell or positive ions out of the cell.

34
Q

What happens after and EPSP or an IPSP?

A

it takes a short time for the membrane to return to resting potential (around 5-10 msec). Another polarising event (EPSP or IPSP) occurring during this period will cause an additional change in the membrane potential.

35
Q

What is Temporal Summation?

A

, polarising events occurring close together in time will add together

36
Q

What is the axon hillock and what does it do?

A

the point where the axon leaves the cell body and Specialised for the generation of action potentials

37
Q

How is an action potential generated at the axon hillock?

A

When the net depolarisation at the axon hillock reaches the threshold potential (around –50mV

38
Q

What is an action potential?

A

An electrical ‘spike’ caused by reversal of membrane polarity.
Mediated by rapid changes in membrane permeability to sodium and potassium

39
Q

What is the ‘all-or-none’ phenomenon?

A

an action potential is always the same size. Does not decay over distance: an action potential is the same size when it reaches the terminal as it was when it left the axon hillock

40
Q

Speed for the different fibres?

A

C-fibre: slower than waling, jogging, sprinter.
a-delta: slow than Bicyle, greyhound, cheetah, motorway and asian swift
A-beta: slower than Aeroplane
A-alpha: faster than aeroplane

41
Q

What is the refactory period?

A

The time in which an action potential cannot be triggered in the fibre.

42
Q

Order in which things are myleinated (most to least)

A

A-alpha fibre, A-beta fibre, A-delta fibre and C fibre (unmylinated)

43
Q

What do the vesicles contain?

A

contain neurotransmitters, which are released into the synaptic cleft

44
Q

What do these neurotransmitters bind to?

A

the receptors

45
Q

What happens when there are too many transmitters in the cleft?

A

They have efficient re-uptake mechanisms which remove neurotransmitters from the cleft so that the cleft is empty and ready for the next signal to come through.

46
Q

where are neurontransmitters?

A

• Synthesised in the neurons, close to the site of release.

47
Q

Where are neurotransmitters stored?

A

Stored on the terminal until required for release

48
Q

What happens to the neurotransmitters after they are released?

A

Released into synaptic cleft in response to an action potential.
Binds to receptors in post-synaptic membrane.

49
Q

What are the two types of changes in membrane potential?

A

Excitatory receptors cause depolarization.

Inhibitory receptors cause hyperpolarization.

50
Q

Examples of Neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate (excitatory), GABA (inhibitory), Noradernaline (excitatory), Serotonin (excitatory)

51
Q

What is the process of a synaptic transmission?

A

The precursor then synthesises the neurotransmitters in the presynaptic neuron, these are released into the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors of the postsynaptic neurone. The action potential arrives which then causes released and propagates action potential in the post synaptic cell. Neurotransmitters are retaken and brown down to then clear the cleft for the next signal.

52
Q

What is the neurotransmitter-receptor interaction?

A

It is when the neuro-transmitter binds with the receptor, which then causes changes in the membrane potential. This can then be an excitiation (depolarisation) or an inhibition (rehypolarisation)

53
Q

What do neurotransmitters do?

A

binds to receptor and evokes excitation or inhibition

54
Q

What is an Agonist?

A

binds to receptor and evokes the same response as the native transmitter

55
Q

What is an Antagonist?

A

bids to receptor and does not evoke any response- prevents the native transmitter or any agonist from binding (blocker)

56
Q

What can drugs affect in the synaptic transmission?

A

Action potential, synthesis and release of neurotransmitters, reuptake and breakdown, membrane potentials and receptors.

57
Q

What else can block action potentials besides drugs?

A

Local anethetics, even TTX poising (poison of a pufferfish)

58
Q

What type of drugs act in the level of re-uptaking and breaking down neurotransmitters?

A

Most anti-depressants. Many of the drugs we take for psychiatric diseases work at this level.

59
Q

What are Neuroleptics?

A

They are antipsychotic drugs that act as an antagonist at dopamine receptors

60
Q

What are barbiturates and benzodiazapines?

A

anticonvulsants and anxiolylics which increase GABA receptor function (allosteric binding site)

61
Q

What is an allostertic binding site?

A

The place on an enzyme where a molecule that is not a substrate may bind, thus changing the shape of the enzyme and influencing its ability to be active/ the regulation of an enzyme by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme’s active site. The site to which the effector binds is termed the allosteric site.

62
Q

Actions of therapeutic drugs: tryptophan and L-Dopa?

A

synthesis

63
Q

Actions of therapeutic drugs: Amantidine?

A

release

64
Q

Actions of therapeutic drugs: Neuroleptics, anxiolytics and anticonvulsants?

A

receptors

65
Q

Actions of therapeutic drugs: Tricyclic, anitdepressants and GABA-t inhibitors?

A

clearance

PS1003 (6 decks)

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