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PS1003 > PS1003 Andrew: Introduction to Biological Psychology > Flashcards

PS1003 Andrew: Introduction to Biological Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What does our brain do?

A

characterise, co-ordinate, non-conscious control, thinking (remembering, calculating, planning), talking, sensing and moving

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2
Q

Organisation of the general nervous system: What does the nervous system spilt into?

A

Nervous system splits into peripheral nervous system and the central system

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3
Q

Organisation of the general nervous system: What is within the peripheral NS?

A

Splits into the voluntary NS and autonomic AN (ANS), which is spilt into the sympathetic NS and parasympathetic NS

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4
Q

What is within the central NS?

A

Splits into spinal cord and brain.The brain splits into the midbrain (mesencephalon), hindbrain (rhombencephalon), cortex and forebrain (telencephalon and diencephalon)

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5
Q

What main constituent parts are within the telencephalon (cerebral cortex)?

A

olfactory lobes and cerebral hemispheres

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6
Q

What main constituent parts are within the diencephalon (forebrain)?

A

epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus and infundibulum

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7
Q

What main constituent parts are within the mesencephalon (midbrain)?

A

colliculi/corpora quadrigemini and cerebral peduncle

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8
Q

What main constituent parts are within the metencephalon (hindbrain)?

A

cerebullum and pons

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9
Q

What main constituent parts are within themyelencephalon (hindbrain)?

A

medulla oblongata

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10
Q

What are cranial nerves?

A

They are 12 pairs of nerves on the base of the brain, pass through holes in the skull (cranium), analogous to spinal nerves leaving the spinal cord

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11
Q

What are some examples of cranial nerves?

A 
I: Olfactory
II: Optic
III: Occulomotor
IV: Trochlear
VII: Facial
VIII: Vestibulocochlear
IX: Glossopharangeal
X: Vagus
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12
Q

What are sulci?

A

Fissues or infoldings of the surface of the brain

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13
Q

What are gyri?

A

The bumps on the cortical surface

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14
Q

How big is the human brain compared to animals?

A

Rat: 2g, 31% is cortex and 6cm2 as surface area
Cat: 30g, 60%, 83cm
Chimp: 420g, 65%, 1000cm
Human: 1400g, 80% cortex and 2500cm

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15
Q

What is the human brain organisation from top to bottom?

A

Cortex, corpus callosum, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum and brainstem

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16
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Connection the two cortical hemispheres

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17
Q

What is basal ganglia responsible for?

A

Control of behavioural patterns

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18
Q

What is the hypothalamus responsible for?

A

Homeostasis, emotion, Control of endocrine (hormone) system

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19
Q

What is the thalamus responsible for?

A

Interface between the cortex and the rest of the nervous system

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20
Q

What does the spinal cord have?

A

Nerves going to and from the rest of the body

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21
Q

What does the brainstem control?

A

autonomic function

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22
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

A

learning and memory

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23
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

The parietal lobe, occipital love, frontal lobe and temporal lobe

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24
Q

Where is the central sulcus located?

A

The fold between the central lobe and parietal lobe

25
Q

Where is the lateral (sylvian) fissure?

A

The lateral sulcus divides both the frontal lobe and parietal lobe above from the temporal lobe below.

26
Q

What are Brodmann’s areas of the cortex?

A

A Brodmann area is a region of the cerebral cortex, in the human or other primate brain, defined by its cytoarchitecture, or histological structure and organization of cells. based on structure not function.

27
Q

What is cytoarchitecture?

A

the arrangement of cells in a tissue, especially in specific areas of the cerebral cortex characterized by the arrangement of their cells and each associated with particular functions.

28
Q

How do we come to understand cortical function?

A

We assess cognitive deficits in brain damaged patients. By locating the area of damage post mortem or through neuroimaging.

29
Q

What does functional neuroimaging do?

A

fMRI measures brain activity during task performance. And measures the areas activated by different aspects of the task.

30
Q

What did Dax (1836) find?

A

speech difficulties in patients with frontal lobe damage

31
Q

What did Aubertin (1861) find?

A

Patients with part of frontal cranium missing could not speak

32
Q

What happened when a spatula was pressed against exposed brain?

A

The patient stopped talking

33
Q

What did Paul Broca (1860) find?

A

Leborgne nicknamed Tan (patient) unable to speak but intelligent and understanding and writing language. communicate through motor gestures. Post-mortem showed that there was a lesion towards back of left frontal lobe- first evidence for highly localised control of function in the cortex

34
Q

What was the area in the back of the left frontal lobe called?

A

Broca’s area- as subsequent post mortem studies on other patients with similar dysfunction revealed lesions in similar area

35
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

Left of the frontal lobe, adjacent to part of the motor cortex controlling vocal cords and mouth

36
Q

What does the primary motor cortex do?

A

Motor output to skeletal muscles

37
Q

what does the supplementary motor cortex do?

A

motor planning (conception of motor patterns)

38
Q

What does the basal gagnlia do?

A

Motor patterns (feeds into motor nuclei)

39
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Motor coordination

40
Q

Where are the sensory areas of the cortex?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory association cortex, primary auditory cortex, auditory association, primary olfactory cortex, olfactory association cortex, primary visual cortex, visual association cortex- multimodal association cortex

41
Q

What is the frontal cortex responsible for in higher cognitive function?

A

Calculation, reasoning, inference and rule learning

42
Q

what is the prefrontal cortex responsible for in higher cognitive function?

A

personality and emotion

43
Q

What was Phineas Gage?

A
  • Gage was a young railway construction supervisor in Vermont
  • He was well liked, reliable, energetic and good at his job
  • In September 1848, while preparing a powder charge for blasting a rock, he tamped a steel rod into charge-filled hole, without putting in wadding.
  • The charge exploded and blew the rod out of the hole straight at Gage
  • It entered his head through his left cheek, destroyed his eye, traversed the frontal part of the brain, and left the top of the skull at the other side.
  • After the accident he became extravagant , anti-social, foulmouthed, bad mannered and a liar: he could no longer hold a job or plan his future.
  • He died in 1861, thirteen years after the accident, penniless and epileptic: no autopsy was performed on his brain.
44
Q

What is the temporal corteex responsible for in higher cognitive function?

A

Learning, memory and spatial recognition

45
Q

What are the cortical areas controlling language?

A

Primary motor cortex, primary visual cortex, primary auditory cortex, arcuate fasciculus and Broca’s area (transforms neural code for verbal response into language)

46
Q

What does the arcuate fasciculus do?

A

The arcuate fasciculus (AF) is a band of arched white fibers and part of the white matter of the brain that connects separate gray matter regions to one another. It bridges the distance past the Sylvian fissure between the Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas.

47
Q

Summary of cortical function:

A 
•	Frontal lobe
o	Planning
o	Thinking
o	Motor planning motor output
•	Parietal lobe
o	Spatial processing
o	Spatial orientation
o	Somatosensory
•	Temporal love
o	Hearing
o	Smell
o	Memory
o	Feelings
•	Occipital lobe
o	Vision
o	Visual processing
48
Q

Bilateral cortical function: how does the motor cortex work?

A

The left motor cortex controls right side of body and the right motor cortex controls the left side of the body

49
Q

Bilateral cortical function: how does the somatosensory cortex receive information?

A

Left somatosensory cortex receives information from right periphery and the right somatosensory cortex receives information from left periphery

50
Q

Bilateral cortical function: how does the visual fields project?

A

Left visual field projects bilaterally to right visual cortex and right visual field projects bilaterally to left visual cortex (both eyes focused on fixation point)

51
Q

Is cortical function largely symmertrical?

A

yes

52
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

a large bundle of fibres connecting the left and right cortices

53
Q

How does information transfer work in a normal person vs a split brain patient?

A

While in the normal patient information crosses over, so that if information enters through the left eye and goes to the right it still feeds into the language cortex to produce speech as well as the motor cortex to move the left hand (through the right hemisphere controlling it). However in a spilt brain patient, it would only be able to go through to the right hemisphere and only the motor cortex would be fed the information

54
Q

What is an example of a split brain study based on Roger Sperry (received Nobel Prize 1981)?

A

The word “ball” is presented in the left visual field only. The subject is asked to say what it is and to select it from the objects behind the screen. They are unable to say what the object is because of the organisation of the visual pathway- only the right cortex receives information from the left visual field. Therefore, can pick ball with left hand but not right hand as his right somatosensory cortex knows what its looking for while the left somatosensory cortex does not.

55
Q

What does it mean for the brain to be lateralised of function?

A

The two hemispheres are asymmetric with respect to many functions. Left seen as logical, analytical and reductionist. Right seen as synthesiser and wholistic.

56
Q

What functions are left-hemisphere dominated?

A

words, letters (vision). language sounds (audtion). complex movement, ipsilateral movement (movement). verbal memory, finding meaning in memory (memory). speech, reading, writing, arithmetic (language)

57
Q

What functions are right-hemisphere dominated?

A

faces, geometric patterns and emotional expression (vision). Nonlanguage sounds, music (audition). tactual patterns, braille (touch). Movement in spatial patterns (movement). nonverbal memory, perceptual aspects of memory (memory) emotional content (language). mental rotation of shapes, geometry, direction and distance (spatial ability)

58
Q

What do the cranial nerves do?

A

I (olfactory): smell
II (optic): vision
III (occulomotor): eye movement, pupil dilation
IV (Trochelear_: eye movement
VII (facial): hearing, balancing
VIII (Vestibulochlear): taste (front 2/3/ of tongue), SS from ear, muscles for facial expression
IX (Glossopharangeal): taste (back 1/3 of tongue), muscles for swalloing
X (vagus): sensory, motor and autonomic functions of viscera (e.g. digestion & heart rate)
XI (spinal accessory): controls muscles used in head movement

PS1003 (6 decks)

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