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ps 100 exam 2 > ps100 > Flashcards

ps100 Flashcards

1
Q

Civil Liberties

A

Rights that allow citizens to evaluate how the government operates and to assess the character and performance of parties and political leaders

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2
Q

Direct Democracy

A

Form of democracy in which citizens vote directly on matters of public policy instead of electing representatives

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3
Q

Equality

A

Concept that emphasizes equal political and social rights or the condition of being neither superior nor inferior

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4
Q

Liberal Democracy

A

Constitutional government characterized by popular rule, protection of basic rights, and political and economic competition

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5
Q

Liberalism

A

Modern political ideology that favors government intervention in the interest of public welfare, social justice, and fair play

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6
Q

Liberty

A

Freedom from slavery, imprisonment, captivity, or any form of unlawful or arbitrary control; the sum of rights of a free individual or group

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7
Q

Pluralism

A

Political school maintaining that balance in diverse political communities is best achieved through a representative democracy acting in accord with policies that advance the general welfare, while still recognizing that a rough approximation of the public interest emerges from the clash of contending interests

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8
Q

Representative Government

A

Constitutional system in which government leadership is determined, directly or indirectly, by decisions of the electorate

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9
Q

Ideology

A

Belief system that society can be improved by following certain doctrines, usually ends in ism

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10
Q

What does it mean that ideology “provides a lay theory of justice”?

A

Non-experts can believe in an ideology, have an opinion on the matter of justice

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11
Q

Operative ideals of Liberal Democracy

A

Popular Government, Rights-Respecting Government, Representative Government, Responsible Government

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12
Q

Historical Sources of Liberal Democracy

A

Greek Democracy, Christian Theology, Medieval Europe, Protestant Reform, French and American Revolutions

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13
Q

Value underlying liberal democracy and capitalist economic systems

A

Freedom

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14
Q

What was one major change in the nature of American democracy when comparing
the 1800s and the 1900s?

A

Increase in government involvement in economic and social life

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15
Q

Liberals and conservatives generally disagree on…

A

Tradition vs Innovation, Equality vs Merit

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16
Q

Liberals and libertarians generally disagree on…

A

Equality vs Merit

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17
Q

Liberals and conservatives have in common…

A

Operative ideals of liberal democracy, government committed to the general good

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18
Q

Why is the need to balance security and liberty a central problem in liberal democracies?

A

State must choose how to protect freedom without sacrificing personal freedom, example is PATRIOT security surveillance after 9/11

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19
Q

Authoritarianism

A

Anti-Democratic political stance that favors placing political power in the hands of an elite group or a dictator

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20
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

For Marx, the social class composed of modern capitalists, owners of the means of social production, and employers of wage labor. In general, the middle class in a capitalist society

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21
Q

Democratic Socialism

A

Ideology committed to popular, constitutional rule and the protection of basic rights while maintaining that key aspects of economic life must be publicly owned, or socially controlled, to ensure an equitable distribution of the community’s wealth

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22
Q

Egalitarianism

A

Political goal that stresses a belief in human equality, especially as it relates to social, political, and economic rights and privileges; political thought that unites socialists and traditional communists

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23
Q

Proletariat

A

Class of modern wage laborers

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24
Q

Totalitarianism

A

Ideology that espouses the complete political, economic, and social control of people and institutions by a dictatorial, single-party regime

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25
Q

Welfare State

A

Society that provides social services to ensure better family life, health care, and housing; protection against unemployment; and security in old age

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26
Q

Interest Aggregation

A

Means of selecting priorities in which political actors build support for specific proposals, usually by working with other like-minded individuals or groups

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27
Q

Interest Group

A

Members of the public who organize in an attempt to shape public policy on issues of concern to them

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28
Q

National Interest

A

Vital needs and fundamental interests of nations, such as security, liberty, justice, and welfare, essential for independence, prosperity, and power

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29
Q

Policy

A

In the context of political science, a government course or general plan of action designed to solve problems or achieve specified goals

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30
Q

Political Culture

A

Individual or group that expresses and shapes public values, struggles for power, and decides issues of public policy.

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31
Q

Political Values

A

Important beliefs about which goals, principles, and policies are worthwhile in public affairs

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32
Q

Principle

A

Basic truth or belief that is used as a basis of reasoning or a guide to behavior

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33
Q

Bureaucracy

A

Governmental departments, ministries, agencies, and officials that carry out public policy, ideally in a rational, efficient, impartial, and stable manner

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34
Q

Judicial Review

A

The ability of the US Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress or a state legislature unconstitutional

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35
Q

Legislative Function

A

Formal responsibility of legislatures to make laws

36
Q

Media

A

Agencies of communication such as newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and, more recently, the Internet

37
Q

Failed State

A

A country in which there are serious questions (both on the part of the international community and many of its own citizens) about governmental legitimacy

38
Q

Fascism

A

Authoritarian political ideology characterized by dictatorial leadership, an oppressive one-party system, strong nationalism, and aggressive militarism

39
Q

Prime Minister

A

Executive in the British parliamentary system, elected by the House of Commons

40
Q

Rule of Law

A

Idea of regularized and consistent laws that are not changed by the whim of leaders or by circumstances like anarchy

41
Q

Citizenship

A

A member of a political community who enjoys the rights and assumes the duties of membership

42
Q

Illiberal Democracy

A

Regimes that are elected but lack democratic qualities such as civil rights and limits on government

43
Q

Regime

A

System of government in a territory

44
Q

What is one value that is shared between liberal democracy and social democracy?

A

Popular rule, protection of basic rights

45
Q

How might a supporter of liberal democracy criticize social democracy?

A

Too much government intervention economically

46
Q

How might a supporter of social democracy criticize communism?

A

Communists go too far in regulating the economy

47
Q

How does conservatism differ from fascism?

A

Difference between traditional values and attempting to restore glorious imagined past

48
Q

Materialism (Marxism)

A

Belief that a society’s economic structure is the underlying force behind all societal institutions, including law, politics, ethics, religion, philosophy, ideology, and art.

49
Q

Class Struggle

A

In the modern period, conflict between the bourgeoisie (capitalist oppressors) and the proletariat (working oppressed)

50
Q

How did Lenin use Marx’s
political philosophy?

A

Lenin used a minority to lead the majority, advocated for violent revolution

51
Q

What changes have occurred in China in recent decades?

A

Move towards opening the economy to the world, economic freedoms heightened

52
Q

John Rawls’ “Veil of Ignorance”

A

Creates an impartial perspective towards the social contract

53
Q

Collective Action Problem

A

Arise from conflict of group interests and individual interests

54
Q

Federal

A

Divides up power between national and regional governments

55
Q

Freeriding

A

Not contributing to solving a collective action problem but enjoying benefits of goal being reached

56
Q

Nation

A

The people making up a country, population with a historic sense of self

57
Q

Nation states

A

Concept that states should map onto the border of nations

58
Q

Proportional Representation

A

Elections usually by party list
System is more proportional to votes

59
Q

Separatism

A

Desire for sovereignty by a population in a particular region

60
Q

Single Member District

A

Elections usually by plurality voting (Don’t need a majority of the votes, just need the most

61
Q

Socialization

A

The learning of culture

62
Q

State

A

Legal term for the entity commonly known as a country; requires people, territory, government, and acceptance by the international community

63
Q

Unitary Centralization

A

Central government has the ultimate authority (can overrule any decision made by regional governments, authority over regional governments, etc)

64
Q

Characteristics of Western Democratic Model

A

Commitment to the common good, Observance of political boundaries, Accommodation to the private sphere,
Recognition of human diversity, human fallibility

65
Q

If a nation’s political culture does not align with the structure of the regime, what effect
may this have on the legitimacy of the regime? Why?

A

Can decrease legitimacy because actions are not representative of the interests of the people

66
Q

Explain why tyranny of the majority presents a problem for democratic countries. What is
one possible solution to this problem?

A

A solution to this problem is the protection of basic rights for all, and could be a problem if the majority abused the minority

67
Q

Party in the Electorate

A

Many identify as Democrats or Republicans, private citizens identifying with a political party

68
Q

Party in Organization

A

Those working in the background to get people elected, institutions)

69
Q

Party in Government

A

Political elites, elected officials

70
Q

Functions of legislatures

A

representative, deliberative, legislative, and supervisory

71
Q

Representative Function

A

requires that they represent and look out for the interests of the constituents who elected them

72
Q

Deliberative function

A

providing a forum for debate and formal decision-making on issues

73
Q

Legislative Function

A

carry out their formal responsibility for making law

74
Q

Supervisory Function

A

supervise the work of the executive and the bureaucracy

75
Q

Pluralist

A

Interest groups represent different interests, lots of identities, any individual can belong to multiple groups

76
Q

Neopluralism

A

Groups that are represented are not equal to each other, some interests are represented better than others (those with more power have their interests represented better)

77
Q

3 Elite focused interest group strategies

A

Approaching, lobbying lawmakers; Approaching the administration, approaching the judiciary

78
Q

3 Mass Focus interest group strategies

A

Appeal to the public, demonstrations, violent protests

79
Q

Issue Ownership

A

Party’s reputations that imply competence on specific issues

80
Q

Median voter theorem

A

Candidates will attempt to position themselves at the position of the median voter in a given electorate

81
Q

Party Identification

A

Long-term voter attachment to a given party (micro-level)

82
Q

Voting Blocs

A

Social groups that tend to vote for one party (macro-level)

83
Q

Retrospective Voting

A

How has the current government been doing?

84
Q

Legitimacy of authoritarian governments is established by:

A

Divine right to rule, secret or higher knowledge

85
Q

Reasons to study Nazism

A

threatened to annihilate the very fabric of modern civilization, posed a mortal challenge to liberal democracy, democratic socialism, and communism, may shed light on contemporary neo-fascism and right-wing authoritarianism

86
Q

Operative Ideals of Nazism

A

glorification of the authoritarian nation–state, strong dictatorial leadership, racial superiority, Totalitarianism, Enforcement of conformity at home, Imperialism, war, and destruction

ps 100 exam 2 (2 decks)

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