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ps 100 exam 2 > PS 100 Exam 3 > Flashcards

PS 100 Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Balance of Power

A

The maintenance of peace through the even distribution of power among competing nations so that no single state or combination of states is dominant

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2
Q

Bipolarity

A

The distribution of power between two nation-states

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3
Q

Collective Security

A

Joining of countries into an organization to maintain international peace and law. Their collective strength deters or punishes aggression by member nations. The United Nations is one such organization

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4
Q

Domination

A

Policy of exercising direct or indirect control, sometimes despotic, over others

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5
Q

Globalization

A

Rapid and explosive increase in integrative international economic activity—trade, investment, and banking. Built on the twin pillars of capitalism and high-tech communications

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6
Q

Hard Power

A

Military or economic influence

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7
Q

Hegemony

A

Circumstance in which one nation-state has overwhelming, dominating power

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8
Q

Multilateralism

A

Groups of countries operating through international organizations and engaged in collective problem-solving and problem resolution

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9
Q

Multipolarity

A

When power is distributed among several nation-states

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10
Q

Nongovernment Organization

A

A private international actor whose purpose and activity parallel those of interest groups

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11
Q

Soft Power

A

Influence exercised by less tangible means than raw power, such as persuasion, public opinion, and political skill

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12
Q

Peace

A

The absence of war. A condition of harmony between nation-states (or organized groups that aspire to become nation-states) that enables them to cooperatively, lawfully, and voluntarily (through discussion, voting, mediation, conciliation, and arbitration) work out conflicts and deal with disputes

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13
Q

War

A

Military activity or armed violence carried out in a systematic and organized way by nation-states (or organized groups that aspire to become nation-states) seeking to impose their will on other nation-states (or organized groups with nationalistic aspirations)

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14
Q

Crimes against Humanity

A

Acts of persecution, including genocide, against a group of people; considered criminal offenses above all others

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15
Q

Humanitarian Intervention

A

An internationally sanctioned, multilateral military intervention in a country to prevent or to stop genocide if the country proves unable or unwilling to do so itself

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16
Q

Human Rights

A

Freedom—legal, political, or moral—from government violations of people’s integrity and civil and political liberties (negative freedom) as well as assurance of the satisfaction of vital human needs such as food, shelter, clothing, health care, and education (positive freedom).

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17
Q

Responsibility to protect

A

Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty that outlines a state’s responsibilities toward its population and the international community’s responsibility if a state fails to protect its citizens

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18
Q

Sanctions

A

Penalties, often economic, imposed on states that violate human rights or international law

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19
Q

War Crimes

A

Violations of the laws of war as spelled out by international covenants; include atrocities committed against civilians and the mistreatment of prisoners of war

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20
Q

Developed Countries

A

Affluent, highly industrialized, and technologically advanced nations located predominantly in the Northern Hemisphere

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21
Q

Emerging Economies

A

Economies of former communist bloc countries that began shifting to a free market system with the end of the Cold War

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22
Q

Examples of emerging economies

A

Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic

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23
Q

International Monetary Fund

A

Specialized agency of the United Nations concerned with stabilizing national financial systems, promoting international monetary cooperation and exchange stability, and managing debt

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24
Q

Millennium Development Goals

A

A set of eight development goals to drastically reduce or even eliminate global poverty in the twenty-first century; adopted by the United Nations in 2000

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25
Q

Poverty

A

Level of income, food, health care, education, or shelter that is below minimum quality-of-life standards; may preclude full growth and development

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26
Q

World Bank

A

Specialized agency of the United Nations, also known as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), that makes loans to countries for development purposes

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27
Q

Ecology

A

The relationship between organisms and their environments

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28
Q

Nonrenewable resource

A

Irreplaceable resources, such as fossil fuels

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29
Q

Renewable resource

A

Resources, such as forests, that can be replaced

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30
Q

Sustainable Development

A

Rational and equitable approach to development that attempts to balance societal needs against environmental limitations

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31
Q

Tragedy of the Commons

A

Ecological metaphor calling attention to the overuse and eventual destruction of commonly held and used resources

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32
Q

National Interest

A

Vital needs and fundamental interest of nations

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33
Q

Anarchy

A

Absence of government

34
Q

Sphere of influence

A

Regions in which a major power exerts influence on the domestic politics of foreign countries

35
Q

Variable

A

A quantity of interest that varies between objects of study and/or over time

36
Q

Correlation

A

The extent to which two variables covary

37
Q

Spurious Correlation

A

When two variables covary coincidentally and not because of an actual underlying relationship

38
Q

Correlates of war project definition of war

A

Sustained combat, involving organized armed forces, resulting in a minimum of 1000 battle-related fatalities within a twelve month period

39
Q

State

A

Requires people, territory, government, acceptance by international community

40
Q

Nongovernmental organization

A

Private international actor whose purpose and activity parallel those of interest groups

41
Q

Civil War

A

Type of intra-state war where internal non-state actors take up arms against the state

42
Q

Proxy War

A

Type of war where great powers support competing sides in a conflict without becoming directly involved themselves

43
Q

Non-state War

A

War outside state territory or across multiple states, can be more common in failed states where a state has lost the ability to control its own territory

44
Q

Genocide

A

Systematic mass destruction of a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group

45
Q

International Organization

A

An organization created by states in order to coordinate their activities

46
Q

Realism

A

Nation-states are motivated by self-interest, join international organizations as a way of securing and projecting power

47
Q

Liberalism

A

Idealistic, committed to promoting individual freedom, join organizations to promote interdependence and stability

48
Q

Constructivism

A

Rules of the global system are socially constructed, join international organizations to promote a particular view of the world

49
Q

Political Economy

A

The study of the intersection of politics and economics

50
Q

Collective Action Problem

A

A problem arises when a group is faced with a challenge in which group interests and individual interests conflict

51
Q

Anthropocene

A

Theory in which human beings have existed in an era that is different than previous eras in Earth history

52
Q

What does it mean for the international system to be anarchic?

A

There is no world government, so there is no way to enforce rule of law, thus there is an absence of government

53
Q

Why is the concept of national interest important for understanding how a nation will behave in the international system?

A

States will act in their national interests, so national interest is important for predicting how states may act in the international system

54
Q

Distribution of power in years after WWII

A

Hegemony of the United States

55
Q

Distribution of power during Cold War

A

Bipolar (USSR, USA)

56
Q

Distribution of power after the Cold War

A

Multipolar of today

57
Q

Are all wars between state actors according to the correlates of war project?

A

No, organized groups aspiring to become nation-states can also take part in war

58
Q

What does the democratic peace hypothesis predict, is the claim founded in truth?

A

Democracies are less likely to go to war than other types of regimes, was found that democracies are less likely to go to war with other democracies. This is not true for autocracies, who are not much less likely to go to war with other autocracies.

59
Q

What does the correlates of war project suggest about the possibility of wars changing from one type to another over time?

A

Types of wars can change from one type to another over time.

60
Q

What is a spurious correlation and why might these present challenges to researchers?

A

When two variables covary coincidentally and not because of an actual relationship, this presents challenge of drawing false conclusions based on false relationships

61
Q

What aspect of the war in Syria might be categorized as a civil war? What aspect might be categorized as a proxy war?

A

Al-Assad vs rebels could be categorized as civil war, Russia backing Assad and the US supporting rebels could be categorized as a proxy war

62
Q

Why might states join or create international organizations? (Realism)

A

In order to secure or project power

63
Q

Why might states join or create international organizations? (Liberalism)

A

To promote interdependence and security

64
Q

Why might states join or create international organizations? (Constructivism)

A

To promote a particular view of the world

65
Q

True/False: Genocide is an occurrence of the past and has not been observed in the 21st century.

A

False

66
Q

Examples of human rights agreements

A

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Geneva Conventions

67
Q

5 Permanent Member states on UN Security Council

A

China, USA, Russia, France, United Kingdom

68
Q

Provide one example of a domestic barrier to the enforcement of human rights and discuss why it is difficult to overcome

A

Lack of will to intervene, citizens can be apathetic and view human rights issues as less relevant or unimportant to their lives

69
Q

Provide one example of an international barrier to the enforcement of human rights and discuss why it is difficult to overcome

A

State sovereignty, it is difficult to enter another state and tell them what to do/can be costly, may not have reliable information on other countries

70
Q

What is the primary distinction between the Global North and Global South?

A

Developed, industrialized countries vs developing, non-industrialized

71
Q

What has been the trend with regard to extreme poverty?

A

Overall declining trend

72
Q

In recent years, what percentage of the U.S. federal budget is spent on foreign aid?

A

About 1%

73
Q

Causes of international poverty

A

General environment (better for food production, resistance to disease), dependence on exports(price of exports fluctuate, denying steady income and developed countries place tariffs on goods from developing ones)

74
Q

Liberal capitalism and liberal democracy
(Approaches to economic well-being)

A

Increasing size of economic “pie”, encourage more equitable distribution. Requires cooperation to create opportunities for growth from foreign nations, developing nations, and private enterprise.

75
Q

Illiberal Capitalism and Right-Wing Authoritarianism

A

Capital growth, “make the poor wait”, still wants to create growth but forgoes immediate help for poor by favoring capitalist entrepreneurs, state regulation to ensure growth of GNP

76
Q

The UN Millennium Development goals are an example of which type of international coordination?

A

International Organizations

77
Q

Use the concept of a collective action problem to explain why global coordination on environmental policy is difficult.

A

All benefit from reducing emissions, but reducing emissions is a costly process, so there is a high temptation to free-ride as others reduce emissions and little incentive to reduce yourself because the benefits will still be enjoyed.

78
Q

Use the concept of the tragedy of the commons to explain environmental degradation, like the drought in California

A

Those that do not overuse resources are not rewarded because there are others continuing to deplete the resource, so all deplete the resource which eventually is used up, a harmful consequence for all

79
Q

The international community has been more successful at addressing the depletion of the ozone layer than global warming. Discuss two reasons why this is the case.

A

CFCs hurting the ozone were more easily banned because they were not critical to the economy. The threat to life on Earth was very grave.

80
Q

Why might continued population growth represent an ecological challenge?

A

Not enough resources, not enough agricultural production to feed everyone

81
Q

Liberal Conservation (Approaches to Ecological health)

A

Voluntary, modest reform in the form of conserving scarce resources, limiting family size, conserving the environment

82
Q

Sustainable Development (Approaches to Ecological Health)

A

Rational, balanced approach of needs and limitations, calls for responsibility at the national level and cooperation at the international level

ps 100 exam 2 (2 decks)

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