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PS 241 Exam 1 > PS 241 Exam 2 > Flashcards

PS 241 Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of identities studied in comparative politics

A

Ethnicity, religion, nationality, others(sexuality, gender, class, etc)

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2
Q

Identity known for being visible, sticky

A

Ethnicity

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3
Q

Identity known for being personal, stable within individuals

A

Religion

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4
Q

Identity known for being based on another identity, inherently political

A

Nationality

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5
Q

Identity is based on ascriptive facts, the way that we identify based on such facts is changeable

A

Constructivism

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6
Q

Identities are natural and fixed

A

Primordialism

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7
Q

Primordialism treats identity as the:

A

IV

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8
Q

Constructivism treats identity as the:

A

DV

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9
Q

PRR: Defines this as a tool for building and maintaining barriers

A

Language

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10
Q

Argue that more politicization exists where cash crops are produced and African language books are published (examine historical forces shaping ethnic identities)

A

Pengl, Roessler, and Rueda (PRR)

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11
Q

Argue that growing cash crops creates wealth, especially for early adopters, and once expertise is developed you aim to protect your relative position, thus politicizing

A

PRR

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12
Q

Argues that identities can change in the shorter term, politicization is about the relative size of the groups in a country

A

Posner

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13
Q

Reason why Posner’s experiment was natural

A

The border between Zambia and Malawi already existed

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14
Q

Concludes that larger groups politicize because they are large enough to be politically relevant and smaller groups must work together

A

Posner

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15
Q

Chewas and Tambukas are more politicized here

A

Malawi

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16
Q

Chewas and Tambukas are less politicized here

A

Zambia

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17
Q

Showed that national identity/nationalism can depoliticize

A

Robinson

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18
Q

Measured how strongly Malawians identify nationally, boosting national identity in an experiment by discussing symbolism of Malawian flag

A

Robinson

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19
Q

What country’s measurement of ethnic groups did Fearon attempt to update?

A

Soviet Union

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20
Q

Used secondary sources such as Encyclopedia Britannica and CIA World Factbook to compile measurement of diversity and ethnic groups

A

Fearon

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21
Q

2 things Livny hoped for making measurement of ethnic groups

A

Data sources of similar quality, data sources of highest quality for each country

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22
Q

Problem created by rich, democratic countries being the most likely to have high-quality data

A

Phantom Correlation

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23
Q

What is the phantom correlation created by rich, democratic countries producing better information?

A

Economic development is connected to diversity

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24
Q

Variation: Why do some countries experience ethnic conflict and some don’t?

A

Cross-sectional

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25
Q

Variation: Why does conflict change over time in the same country?

A

Cross-temporal

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26
Q

IVs in Casseli and Coleman’s argument

A

Ethnic distance, expropriable assets

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27
Q

Emotional cost resulting from trying to pass as an ethnic group

A

Psychic Cost

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28
Q

Argue that a median level of ethnic distance and expropriable resources make ethnic conflict more likely

A

Casseli and Coleman

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29
Q

Define value of religion for violent groups, argue that terrrorists and saints make personal sacrifices to prove they are true believers

A

Iannacone and Berman

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30
Q

Benefits religion offers

A

Material and psychic

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31
Q

Reason why people are willing to pay more to gain entry into a group

A

They believe they will be repaid with the psychic benefit

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32
Q

What identifies “true believers”?

A

Sacrifice

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33
Q

When are sacrifices smaller?

A

When groups fight to attract true believers

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34
Q

When are sacrifices larger?

A

When material benefits are in demand (state or market is weak)

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35
Q

Another term for material benefits

A

Club goods

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36
Q

Improvement in the economic condition in a society

A

Economic development

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37
Q

Something that cannot be seen with the eyes or measured with a physical instrument

A

Latent

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38
Q

Development is a:

A

Latent variable

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39
Q

Most widely used measure of development

A

GDP per capita

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40
Q

Problems with GDP per capita as a measure of development

A

Unclear whether income increases quality of life, who controls income, government statistics

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41
Q

Good things about GDP per capita as a measure of development

A

Reflects how country is doing as a whole, widely available over space and time

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42
Q

Argues development should be thought of as unfreedom, development should be delved from the removal of sources of unfreedom

A

Sen

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43
Q

3 areas of unfreedom

A

Economic poverty, lack of public facilities/social care, denial of political and civil liberties

44
Q

Argue that invisible infrastructure keeps the poor poor

A

Banerjee and Duflo

45
Q

Face choices, often carry debt, large families, few durable goods, small-scale entrepreneurs with multiple jobs

A

Characteristics of the lives of the poor

46
Q

Food, festivals, TV/Radio, alcohol

A

Common expenses for the poor

47
Q

Argues that GDP per capita is a poor measure of development because governments are likely to fabricate the statistics, autocrats lie about their GDPs

A

Martinez

48
Q

Introduces idea of bright lights at night as a measure of economic activity and development

A

Martinez

49
Q

Which type of government is more likely to lie about GDP per capita and why?

A

Autocrats because fewer people are tracking the numbers and it’s easier to lie

50
Q

Scenario that incentivizes governments to tell the truth about GDP per capita

A

Falling under the threshold for a loan

51
Q

IV in Easterly and Levine’s argument

A

Ethnic diversity

52
Q

DV in Easterly and Levine’s argument

A

Development

53
Q

Mechanism in Easterly and Levine’s argument

A

Policies

54
Q

Argue that cross-country differences in ethnic diversity lead to poor development because of increased polarization that impedes agreement about growth policies

A

Easterly and Levine

55
Q

Argue that trust in subsaharan Africa was damaged by the slave trade, negative consequence of diversity activated by politics

A

Nunn and Wanchekon

56
Q

Argue that autocrats extract more resources because of uncertainty surrounding term length, spend money to shore up support, creates inefficiencies, leading to underdevelopment and more autocracy

A

RTV

57
Q

What does social trust support and solve?

A

Supports democratic consolidation (losing with grace), solves collective action problems (encourages cooperation)

58
Q

Argue that quality (democratic) institutions punishing dishonesty lead to more trust and less diligence, which leads to more development, which cycles into more democracy

A

Zak and Knack

59
Q

Why is diligence inefficient?

A

The time spent investigating others could be better spent elsewhere

60
Q

Trust is higher in equal, less diverse, less corrupt countries with better (democratic) institutions

A

Determinants of Trust

61
Q

Why is homogeneity better for trust?

A

Easier to understand who can be (structured?)

62
Q

Large scale interventions, at national level

A

Macro

63
Q

Smaller scale interventions, individual or community level

A

Micro

64
Q

In a macro intervention, what is compared?

A

Countries

65
Q

Aid operates through national governments or large NGOs

A

Macro

66
Q

Outcome gauged by seeing how reality plays out

A

Macro

67
Q

Target randomly selected individuals or communities

A

Micro

68
Q

Gauge outcome by comparing treated to control

A

Micro

69
Q

Trade-off between micro and macro level interventions

A

Impact for Information

70
Q

Concerns with micro-level interventions

A

External validity, problems of scale, ethical concerns

71
Q

Argues that politics matter when determining recipients of foreign aid, little foreign aid is given to the poorest countries

A

Qian

72
Q

Largest giver ($) of foreign aid

A

United States

73
Q

Largest giver (% of national income) of foreign aid

A

Nordic countries

74
Q

Why is so little foreign aid given to the poorest countries?

A

Doesn’t seem to work (short-term impact), people don’t care

75
Q

Argue that among the given 3 types of micro-level aid, giving cash transfers is the most effective

A

Blattman and Niehaus

76
Q

3 forms of micro-level aid discussed

A

Heifer International, Micro-loans, cash transfers

77
Q

First step of comparative method

A

Choose phenomenon of interest

78
Q

Second step of comparative method

A

Translate phenomenon into a variable with values

79
Q

Third step of comparative method

A

Develop a hypothesis about the relationship between another variable and our outcome of interest

80
Q

Fourth step of comparative method

A

Design a test to track whether changes in IV result in hypothesized effect on DV

81
Q

Optional fifth step of comparative method

A

Explore specific case to explore why variable has impact on another

82
Q

Final step of comparative method

A

Reflect on validity of hypothesis given the evidence

83
Q

PRR’s IV

A

Agriculture/language

84
Q

PRR’s mechanism

A

Boundaries/competition

85
Q

PRR’s DV

A

Politicization of identity

86
Q

Posner’s DV

A

Politicization of identity

87
Q

Posner’s IV

A

Group size

88
Q

Robinson’s IV

A

National identity

89
Q

Robinson’s DV

A

Politicization of identity

90
Q

HHPW’s IV

A

Diversity

91
Q

HHPW’s DV

A

Public goods provisions

92
Q

Caselli and Coleman’s IV

A

Expropriable resources/Ethnic Distance

93
Q

Caselli and Coleman’s DV

A

Ethnic conflict

94
Q

Easterly and Levine’s IV

A

Ethnic Diversity

95
Q

Easterly and Levine’s DV

A

Development

96
Q

Nunn and Wantchekon’s IV

A

Slave trade exposure

97
Q

Nunn and Wantchekon’s DV

A

Distrust

98
Q

Zak and Knack’s IV

A

Institutions supporting trust

99
Q

Zak and Knack’s mechanism

A

Diligence

100
Q

Zak and Knack’s DV

A

Development

101
Q

Argue that ethnic diversity undermines public goods provision

A

HHPW

102
Q

First preference theory, HHPW and game

A

Different groups want different goods, survey

103
Q

Second preference theory, HHPW and game

A

You only want your group to enjoy public goods, anonymous money giving game

104
Q

Efficacy theory, HHPW and game

A

You work better with your own group, teams solving puzzle

105
Q

Findability theory, HHPW, supported and game

A

If someone doesn’t donate to public goods, you can find them, finding stranger

106
Q

Strategy Selection theory, HHPW supported and game

A

There are social expectations that come with interacting with coethnics, money game with someone watching

PS 241 Exam 1 (2 decks)

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