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PS 241 Exam 1 > PS 241 Exam 1 > Flashcards

PS 241 Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

First step of comparative method

A

Choose phenomenon of interest

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2
Q

Second step of comparative method

A

Translate phenomenon into a variable with values

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3
Q

Third step of comparative method

A

Develop a hypothesis about the relationship between another variable and our outcome of interest

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4
Q

Fourth step of comparative method

A

Design a test to track whether changes in IV result in hypothesized effect on DV

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5
Q

Optional fifth step of comparative method

A

Explore specific case to explore why variable has impact on another

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6
Q

Final step of comparative method

A

Reflect on validity of hypothesis given the evidence

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7
Q

Causes change in the DV

A

Independent variable

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8
Q

Measured outcome

A

Dependent variable

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9
Q

Why IV produces change in DV, links IV and DV

A

Mechanism

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10
Q

Belongs on Y axis

A

DV

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11
Q

Argue that the establishment of strong domestic institutions is the key to ending poverty

A

Page and Pande

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12
Q

Argue that foreign aid is unlikely to resolve the issue of poverty, and invisible infrastructure is

A

Page and Pande

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13
Q

Social and human systems that enable
citizens to realize their capabilities and escape poverty

A

Invisible infrastructure

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14
Q

Provider or regulator of invisible infrastructure

A

Domestic state

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15
Q

Idea that states needed to become weaker and liberalized

A

Washington Consensus

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16
Q

Argues that states need to be stronger within a smaller scope in order to become economically optimal

A

Fukayama

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17
Q

Argues that life is brutish and short, necessitating the need for an all-powerful ruler

A

Hobbes

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18
Q

How states emerged in Europe

A

Small political units border each other, rulers invade neighbors to acquire valuable land, need taxation to win wars, need legitimacy to tax, winning leaders establish legitimacy

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19
Q

Best theory of creation of states

A

Charles Tilly

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20
Q

2 dimensions of a state

A

Strength and Scope

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21
Q

Argues a lack of inter-state war in Africa led to weak consolidation of power and a lack of nationalism

A

Herbst

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22
Q

Taxes increase during wartime, don’t fully regress after

A

Ratchet effect

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23
Q

Large territory ruled by single body that is deemed legitimate, able to extract resources and rule over people

A

Result of state building in Europe

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24
Q

Argue that civil wars occur when conditions favor insurgency

A

Fearon and Laitin

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25
Q

Frustration because opportunities for growth block out minority groups

A

Ethnic nationalism

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26
Q

Ways government can lead counterinsurgency

A

Knowing how to recognized insurgents from noncombatants, preserving noncombatants

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27
Q

3 Theories Fearon and Laitin had

A

Culture leads to civil war, grievances lead to civil war, feasibility leads to civil war

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28
Q

3 IVS of correct theory Fearon and Laitin had

A

Weak state capacity, mountanious terrain, population size

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29
Q

Argues that increasing force to regain order in failed, weak states is not the answer, derived from experiences in DRC

A

Milli Lake

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30
Q

Exogenous

A

Came from outside, placed in a place

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31
Q

Endogeneity

A

IV impacted by confounders that also impact DV

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32
Q

Exclusion Restriction

A

Instrument cannot be related to DV in any other way

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33
Q

Instrumental variable

A

Only affects IV, which affects DV, used as IV stand-in

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34
Q

AJR’s DV

A

Economic development today

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35
Q

AJR’s instrument

A

Settler mortality

36
Q

AJR’s IV

A

Institutions

37
Q

Argue that high settler mortality led to extractive institutions, leading to poor economic development today and vice versa

A

AJR

38
Q

Doctrine of Lapse

A

Indian region annexed by British if a ruler died without a natural heir

39
Q

Argues that indirect colonial rule leads to better political and economic development,

A

Lakshmi Iyer

40
Q

Iyer’s IV

A

Institutions with or without direct colonial rule

41
Q

Iyer’s DV

A

Political and economic development

42
Q

Iyer’s instrument

A

Death of a leader without a natural heir

43
Q

Regime

A

A set of rules about how power is accessed and exercised

44
Q

State relates to ____, regime relates to _____

A

Order, power

45
Q

4 ways of thinking about democracy

A

Minimalist, maximist, institutional, practical

46
Q

Minimalist

A

About elections (basic conditions met, participation and contestation)

47
Q

Maximist

A

About everything (quality participation, representation, information)

48
Q

Institutional

A

about rules (on paper)

49
Q

Practical

A

about behavior

50
Q

Measures minimalist

A

Democracy-Dictatorship index (1 if all conditions met, 0 if not all met, DDI)

51
Q

Measures maximist

A

Varities of Democracy (V-Dem, democracy assessed across all dimensions)

52
Q

Measures institutional

A

Polity score (Democratic 10, autocratic -10, 21-point scale)

53
Q

Measures practical

A

Freedom House (expert evaluation of rights and liberties)

54
Q

Argue that democracy generally improves governance

A

GKB

55
Q

Ways democracy generally improves governance

A

Human rights, economic development, limited corruption

56
Q

Ways democracy does not always improve governance

A

Fiscal policy, inequality, social transfers

57
Q

2 “old school” theories of democratization

A

Civic Culture, Modernization

58
Q

Modernization

A

Economic development leads to democratization

59
Q

Civic Culture

A

Need certain values for democratization (trust, tolerance)

60
Q

Argues modernization theory is conditional, transition is triggered by political or economic crisis

A

Treisman

61
Q

3 mechanisms for economic development leading to democracy

A

Industrialization, education, nature of work

62
Q

Industrialization (Modernization)

A

People working together, creates class of property owners, requires more rules

63
Q

Education (Modernization)

A

New skills and values, citizens earn more money from degrees

64
Q

Nature of Work (Modernization)

A

More creativity/individual judgment as economy grows and develops

65
Q

Argue that a moderate level of inequality can lead to democratization, with high inequality leading to democratic backsliding

A

A&R

66
Q

De facto power

A

Fleeting, not granted by the system (Weaponry, money, ability to join together, etc)

67
Q

De jure power

A

Power derived from institutions

68
Q

Argue that use of semi-democratic institutions can lead to autocratic stability

A

Gandhi and Prezworksi

69
Q

Autocrat’s Dilemma

A

Autocrats are afraid of revolution from below or a coup by allies

70
Q

Ways multiparty legislatures benefit autocrats

A

Opposition becomes a part of the system, policy is created to distribute carrots

71
Q

Type of autocrat that needs multi-party legislature and why

A

Civilian, because their legitimacy is not already established like a monarch or military leader

72
Q

Where do Gandhi and Prezworski find that partisan legislatures in autocracies are more likely?

A

Cooperation is needed because the threat is large, there is no independent wealth, and the world is more democratic

73
Q

Argue that autocrats can lose election when the opposition is well-prepared and has international support

A

Bruce and Wolchik

74
Q

Why do rent-rich autocracies not need democratic-like institutions?

A

The autocracies do not need to be legitimate because they do not need to collect money to distribute carrots and sticks

75
Q

Argues having oil hinders democracy

A

Michael Ross

76
Q

Argue that oil does not hinder democracy after introducing data from 1997-2006 and including Freedom House measures of democracy

A

Oskarsson and Ottosen

77
Q

2 effects that Ross find to be mechanisms of oil leading to less democracy, (modernization failed)

A

Rentier effect, repression effect

78
Q

Rentier effect

A

More government spending, lower taxes (“Carrot”)

79
Q

Repression effect

A

More police spending, military (Stick)

80
Q

Argue that social trust is delved from political trust, which in turn impacts support for democracy/autocracy conditional upon existing regime type

A

Jamal and Nooruddin

81
Q

Argues against consensus opinions (religion opposes democracy because it rejects tolerance, egalitarianism; religion supports democracy because of appeals to charity, justice) and says religious groups support democracy based on if democracy benefits them

A

Hoffman

82
Q

Lebanese group democracy benefits

A

Shi’a Muslims

83
Q

Lebanese group democracy harms

A

Sunni Muslisms

84
Q

Lebanese group impartial to democracy

A

Maronite Christians

85
Q

Argued that rainfall leads to cereal production leads to specialization and property rights leads to institutions leads to democratic consolidation

A

Haber

86
Q

Page and Pande’s vision on share of poverty

A

Share of poverty is decreasing in poor countries and increasing in middle-income countries

87
Q

What the four measurements of democracy agree on

A

World is democratizing over time

PS 241 Exam 1 (2 decks)

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