Pruritus Dan Flashcards
1
Q
What are the causes of generalized pruritus?
A
AN ITCHING DR
Aquagenic
Neurotic
Idiopathic/ Age-related
Thyroid and other endocrine disease
Cholestasis and Hepatic disease (any cause inc PBC, liver failure or cholestasis)
HIV and infection (GI parasite etc) and Infestations (scabies, thrips, bird mites)
Immunobullous - pre-bullous BP, DH
Neoplasm including hematologic malignancy and anaemia
Gestation (Preg dermatoses etc) and menopause
Drugs esp opiates
Renal
2
Q
What are the 3 categories ot itch?
A
Pruritus of inflamed/diseased skin
Pruritus of non-diseased/inflamed skin
Itching with secondary lesions due to chronic scratching (includes neurodermatitis)
3
Q
How may itch be classified based on duration?
A
Acute Chronic >6 wks
4
Q
T/F
There are separate pathways and receptors for itch and pain
A
True
5
Q
T/F
stimulation of opioid kappa receptors causes itch
A
False
kappa receptors are anti-itchmu receptors cause itch when stimulated
6
Q
T/F mediators of itch include; Histamine Acetylcholine Substance P Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) Opioid peptides Proteases Neurotrophins PgE Cytokines
A
True
7
Q
T/F
Formication usually indicates a psychogenic cause for itch
A
True
But consider recurrence due to PNI if this occurs at site of skin cancer excision
8
Q
T/F
systemic causes of pruritus always cause generalised itch
A
False
Localised itch can still be due to a systemic cause
9
Q
T/F
Systemic causes of pruritus usually cause chronic progressive generalised itch
A
True
10
Q
What is the Butterfly sign
A
Sparing of mid upper back where pt can’t reach is called ‘butterfly sign’ is seen in pts whose skin lesions are due to scratching - be wary though as some pts will use scratching device to reach there
11
Q
How may Hodgkins disease present with pruritus?
A
Generalised nocturnal pruritis
withfever/chillssweatingclassical presentation - dont miss! However the lymphoma may not be identifiable until several years later
12
Q
T/F
If no cause for pruritus is identified patients should be discharged
A
False
Need to treat itch and follow up as can be sign of a malignancy that will not be evident until laterperiodically screen pts for causes
13
Q
T/F
Psychogenic pruritus often disturbs sleep
A
False
pruritic skin or other diseases do but psychogenic itch rarely does
14
Q
Outline your approach to the prutitic patient
A
First exclude pruritic dermatosis, then scabies, scabies, scabies
Do systems review e.g. Diabetes, renal disease, liver disease
Drug Hx e.g. opiates
Check lymph nodes (lymphoma, neoplasm) and full exam - skin, hair, nails and mucous membranes, genitalia
Ix - basic screen Plus additional tests as indicated by above
15
Q
What are your 1st line pruritus screening testst
A
FBC, ELFT TFTs LDH ESR Iron studies - replace if ferritin low Serum EPP CXR (neoplasm inc lymphoma) Beta HCG if female of age
16
Q
Which types of pruritus respond well to UVB phototherapy?
A
itch of unknown cause renal failure Polycythaemia rubra vera Hodgkins HIV Aquagenic pruritus neurodermatitis/ prurigo nodularis
17
Q
Outline treatments for itch
A
General measures
Keep cool as worse when hot – light, loose clothes, cool shower before bedtime
Take short, lukewarm showers
Avoid soaps
Emollients esp yellow or white soft paraffin
or 5-10% urea cream
Topical antipruritics
Menthol 1-2% in aqueous cream probably best
Calamine used but avoid if xerosis (elderly pruritus etc)
Topical coal tar preparations
Capsaicin may be used for localised itch - TDS
5% doxepin cream has proven anti-itch benefit in eczema (can cause drowsiness)
Corticosteroids for inflammatory skin disease, LSC or prurigo nodules
Systemics
sedating or non-sedating antihistamines
Doxepin 10-25mg nocte
Opioid receptor antagonists – naloxone, naltrexone
SSRIs – paroxetine
SNRI – mirtazepineGabapentin/pregabalin, amitryptaline
Physical
UVB
Trancutaneous nerve stimulation
Acupuncture
Psychological therapies
18
Q
T/F
Topical local anaesthetics play an important role in the management of pruritus
A
False
short term relief for notalgia paraesthetica but limited role in other causes of itch
Risk of contact sensitization
19
Q
T/F
Topical antihistamines often help pruritus
A
False
can help for acutely itchy insect bites/stings or for burns but limited role otherwise
20
Q
T/F
Topical calcineurin inhibitors play limited role in the treatment of itch
A
True
only use for eczema or other itchy dermatosis with proven response to TCNI
Topical 0.03% tacrolimus has evidence in renal pruritus
21
Q
T/F
Psoriasis is not itchy
A
False
Up to 85% of Pso pts get itchy
22
Q
T/F
systemic agents are useful for the pruritus of CTCL
A
True
Often itchy esp Sezary or folliculotropic MF
May be helped by topical steroids or phototherapy
If not, systemics are useful esp;naltrexone, gabapentin or mirtazepine
23
Q
What test is used to look for primary biliary cirrhosis?
A
Anti mitochondrial Abs (AMA)positive in >90% and highly specific
24
Q
In what condition are anti-smooth muscle Abs found?
A
Autoimmune chronic active hepatitisand in PBC (less often than AMA)
25
What are the diagnostic criteria for Idiopathic aquagenic pruritis?
Severe pruritis after water contact regardless of temp or salinity
Puritus onset within (about 30) minutes without visible skin changes (including dermographism)
Exclusion of other causes inc skin disease, systemic disease and drugs
26
T/F
| Aquagenic pruritus usuallly has an identifiable cause
False
cause unknown
diagnosis of exclusion
27
T/F
| Idiopathic aquagenic pruritis resolves after weeks to months
False
| Chronic and intractable condition
28
T/F
| Idiopathic aquagenic pruritis responds well to antihistamines
False
| Doesn’t respond to antihistamines
29
T/F
Idiopathic aquagenic pruritis often starts on lower legs then generalizes but spares palms and soles and head and mucosae
True
30
T/F
| Attacks of idiopathic aquagenic pruritus last up to 24 hrs after water exposure
False
| up to 2 hours
31
What is the treatment for idiopathic aquagenic pruritus?
Full work up exclude other causes
Alkalinize bathwater to pH 8 with baking soda
Capsaicin TDS for 4 weeks may reduce symptoms
nbUVB or PUVA probably best Rx
Cyproheptadine, cimetidine, cholestyramine have been reported to help but only minimally
32
T/F
| A stinging or burning pain after water contact is not consistent with aquagenic pruritus
False
| can be prickling, tingling stinging or burning
33
How can the causes of repeated pruritis or paraesthesia on water contact be classified?
```
With skin findings;
- Mastocytosis
- Hypereosinophilic syndrome
- Haemochromatosis
- Polycythaemia rubra vera PRV
With skin findings when exposed to water only;
- Aquagenic urticaria
- Cold urticaria
- Cholinergic urticaria
Without skin signs;
- Hodgkins disease
- Myelodysplastic syndrome
- Essential thrombocythaemia
- Aquagenic pruritis
- Aquagenic pruritis of the elderly
```
34
T/F
| keloid scars are ithcy but hypertrophic scars are not
False
| all scars may be itchy while healing for 6 months to 2 years and both keloid and hypertrophic can remain itchy
35
T/F
| 85% of burns pts get itchy when burns healing esp on limbs
True
36
T/F
| oral antihistamines help itching scars
False
Oral antihistamines not effective
Use emollients, silicone gel and topical or intralesional steroids
37
T/F
| Post burn pruritus is due to histamine release
```
True
thought to be largely due to histamine
also
nerve trauma/regrowth
opiate analgesia
psychological due to trauma
```
38
What factors are predictive of worse post burn pruritus?
deep dermal burn
female
high psychological trauma
39
T/F
| Oral gabapentin and topical antihistamines are useful for post burn pruritus
True
| also massage therapy, oil baths, colloidal oatmeal baths
40
T/F
| Oral pentoxyfylline may reduce the itch of keloids
True
41
T/F
| Renal pruritus does not occur in AKI
True
42
T/F
| Renal pruritus is due to uraemia
False
43
T/F
| Renal pruritus can be localized or generalized
True
44
T/F
| Renal pruritus is an independent marker of mortality in CRF
True
45
T/F
| Renal pruritus occurs mainly in CAPD pts
False
| Less often seen in CAPD than haemodialysispts dont need to be on dialysis to get itch
46
T/F
| Itch in haemodialysis pts is least severe the day after dialysis
True
| Peaks 2 days after last dialysis esp at night
47
T/F
| subtotal parathyroidectomy can improve itch symptoms in some CRF pts
True
| but not in all of those with elevated PTH
48
T/F
| Renal pruritus occurs only in pts with longstanding CRF of certain aetiologies
False
| Regardless of aetiology or duration of CRF
49
What is the main dermatologic differential not to miss in pruritic renal failure pts?
reactive perforating collagenosisis associated with CRF
| Can also be scabies or any of the other causes and not always renal pruritus
50
What are the treatments for renal pruritus?
```
General measures
High-permeability rather than standard dialysis
Topical capsaicin
Topical 0.03% tacrolimus
Activated charcoal 6g PO daily - 1st systemic
Gabapentin/ Pregabalin
Naltrexone
Broad band UVB (can try nbUVB)
Subtotal parathyroidectomy
Renal transplant - curative!
```
51
T/F
| Cholestatic pruritus is a late feature of liver disease
False
| can occur early, before other signs
52
T/F
| Cholestatic pruritus often affects the hands and feet
True
Generalized and migratory
esp hands, feet and areas under tight clothing
53
T/F
| Cholestatic pruritus is due to the accumulation of bile acids
False
| this is one theory but bile acids are not always high
54
T/F
| chronic Hep C usually doesnt cause itch as its not cholestatic
```
False
often itchy
But main causes are cholestatic;
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Obstructed bile ducts
Drug induced or other cholestasis inc cholestasis of pregnancy
```
55
T/F
| Activated charcoal is good for cholestatic pruritus
False
Activated charcoal 1st line in renal pruritus but not used in liver
Cholestyramine 4-16g daily 1st line in cholestatic (liver) pruritus - remember CHOLESTyramine for CHOLESTatic pruritus
Cholestyramine can be used for renal pruritus too but not a first choice drug
56
What are the treatments for cholestatic pruritus?
```
treat cause of liver failure/cholestasis
General measures
1st line;
Cholestyramine 4-16g daily
Naltrexone/Naloxone
2nd line;
Ursodeoxycholic acid
Rifampicin
Other systemics and phototherapy are 3rd line
Liver transplant usually curative
```
57
T/F
| Antihistamines and gabapentin generally not helpful in cholestatic pruritus
True
58
T/F
| Iron deficiency can cause generalised or localised pruritus
True
inc vulval or perianal
Also can be a sign of Polycthaemia rubra vera, malignancy or other systemic disease which may the true cause of the itch
59
T/F
| In Polycthaemia rubra vera >90% of pts get pruritus
False
| up to 50%
60
T/F
| In Polycthaemia rubra vera Aquagenic pruritus can precede detectable disease by several years
True
| be suspicious of this in all pts with aquagenic pruritus
61
T/F
| In Polycthaemia rubra vera, Aquagenic pruritus starts within minutes of getting out of water and lasts up to two hours
False
| Onset within mins of getting INTO water Lasts 15-60 mins
62
T/F
| UVB or PUVA are first line for the aquagenic pruritus associated with PCV
False
First line is to treat the PCV - however itch may persistsponge bath or shower rather than bathaspirin 300mg OD-TDS is first line drugthen can try UVB or PUVA
63
T/F
| Pruritus is a late sign of malignancy
False
| Cancer may be advanced or pruritus can be very early feature before cancer is detectable
64
T/F
| In Malignancy associated pruritus, degree of itch doesn’t correlate with degree of disease
True
65
T/F
| In Hodgkins lymphoma recurrence of pruritus can indicate tumour recurrence
True
66
T/F
| Hodgkins lymphoma is strongly associated with pruritus
True
| Some consider pruritus a B symptom of Hodgkins Dx
67
T/F
| In Hodgkins lymphoma severe, generalized, recalcitrant pruritus predicts poor prognosis
True
68
T/F
| Topical steroids can be useful in the pruritus of Hodgkins lymphoma
True
| also mirtazepine
69
T/F
| Pruritus in Non-Hodgkins lymphoma is almost as prevalent as in Hodgkins disease
False
| A lot less - about 10% of cases
70
T/F
| CLL is only itchy if the pt has eosinophilic dermatosis of haematologic malignancy
False
can be itchy anyway but not commonly
CLL more linked to itch than other leukaemias
CLL also causes eosinophilic dermatosis of haematologic malignancy
hypereosinophilic syndrome is another important leukaemic cause of pruritus
71
T/F
| SSRIs and SNRIs are useful in the Rx of malignancy associated itch
True
thalidomide also helpful
Remember general emasures and can be multifactorial causes of itch e.g.direct tumour itch+ bile duct obstruction+ chemo drugs+ opiates
72
T/F
| Hypothyroidism is more commonly itchy than hyperthyroidism
False
Hyperthyroidism more commonly than hypothyroidism
but xerotic skin in hypo can exacerbate itch
73
T/F
| Myxoedema of skin is itchy but responds to emollients
True
74
T/F
| Generalized pruritus is common in diabetes
False
| rare but can occur
75
T/FDiabetics prone to localised scalp itch resistant to treatment
True
76
T/FPoor glycaemic control predisposes diabetic women to local vulval or perianal pruritus
TrueCandida may play a role
77
T/FDiabetic neuropathy does not cause itch
Falsecan
78
T/F50% of pruritic AIDS pts have another cause of pruritus
Truecan be due to AIDS but need to investigate
79
T/FHIV pts may get an itchy exaggerated insect bite response
True
80
T/Fsevere itch in HIV pts can indicate high viral load and rapid decline of CD4+ counts
Truecan also have high IgE and eosinophilia
81
T/FAntiretroviral therapy for HIV may help itch of HIV but can cause itchy skin eruptions too
True
82
T/FTopical steroids and cetirizine are 1st line for the itch of HIV
TrueBut need to exclude a cause other than the HIV and ensure HIV treated with HAART
83
T/FGeneralized pruritus is a recognised feature of Bulimia nervosa
Falseis a feature of anorexia nervosa
84
T/FPruritus affects 80% of those with CHF or CAD
False20-40%
85
T/FItch in CHF affects people’s daily life more than itch in CAD
True
86
T/FPeople with CHF have more generalized, more constant itch and longer Hx of itch than those with CAD
True
87
T/FItch in CHF is not associated with severity of heart failure
FalseThe worse the CHF, the worse the itch
88
T/Fdrugs are thought to be a major cause of itch in CHF pts
TrueACEIstatinstransdermally delivered beta blockersloop diureticsallopurinol
89
T/FUp to 80% of pts with prurigo nodules are atopic
True
90
What percentage of patients with prurigo nodules have neurodermatitis triggered by insect bites?
Triggered by insect bite in up to 20%
91
T/FItch in prurigo nodules is thought to be due to increased substance-P-positive nerves in the hypertrophied skin
True
92
T/FPrurigo nodules are usually assymetrical
FalseOften symmetrical on extensor surfaces, upper and lower back and buttocks, can be on face or palms
93
What ae the histo features of prurigo nodules?
Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasiaDense dermal infiltrate with mast cellsCal be eosinophilic depositsCan be increased numbers of Merkel cellsMay see features of chronic eczema or other causative dermatosisCan be neural or vascular hyperplasia
94
What are the DDs of prurigo nodules?
perforating disorderspemphigoid nodularishypertrophic LPhypertrophic cutaneous LEscabetic nodulespersistent bite reactionspruriginous dystrophic EBmultiple KAs or granular cell tumours
95
T/FIt is usually unecessary to biopsy prurigo nodules
FalseMust biopsy with IMF to confirm diagnosis and exclude DDs including pemphiogid nodularis
96
What is the treatment ladder for prurigo nodules?
Need to investigate for causes of pruritus – treat cause if found. Must biopsy with IMFGeneral measures for pruritus and xerosisCut nails short, wear gloves o/nightOcclusion with dressings, bandage or steroid impregnated tapeMenthol creamTopical capsaicin 0.025-0.3% 4-6x per day (Bolognia)Daivonex has been reportedAntihistaminesMay need sedative antihistamine at nightMay need SSRI or doxepinSuper potent TCS under occlusionILCScryotherapynbUVBPUVAExcimer laserSSRIs or doxepin may be helpful esp if compulsive behaviourThalidomide for recalcitrant prurigo nodularisCsA – esp if eczemaAZA has been used
97
T/FPapular eczema/dermatitis is also called chronic prurigo of adults or subacute prurigo and is a type of prurigo nodularis with small papules which is usually a manifestation of eczema
TrueBut not always eczemaCan be due to systemic causes of pruritus so need to work up
98
T/FLichen simplex chronicus is most common in young - middle aged women
Trueage 30-50 esp
99
T/FCaucasian people have a higher propensity to lichenification of skin from scratching
Falsemore in oriental peoples
100
T/FLichen nuchae almost exclusively affects women
TrueLSC of neck, behind ears and adjacent scalp
101
T/FThere is an overlaping contium of small pebbly LSC to papular dermatitis esp in atopics
True
102
T/FTopical steroids with occlusion are mainstay of treatment for LSC
TrueBut not always effective
103
Aside from TCS what other treatments are useful in LSC?
Need to explain itch scratch cycle and need to break itConsider need for sedative antihistaminesMay need SSRI or deoxepin if neurotic or depressedAntipruritics - Doxepin cream 5%, capsaicin creamOcclusive dressings/ tar paste medicated bandagesILCS A10 for thick chronic lesionsPsychotherapy
104
T/F20% of pregnant women get some form of pruritus
True
105
T/FLocalized anogenital pruritus is most common type of itch in pregnancy
Trueoften bacterial or candidal infection present
106
How is scabies treated in pregnancy?
6-8% precipitated sulphur in cream or ung base for 3 consecutive days is traditionally 1st lineMany people use topical Benzyl benzoate (Ascabiol lotion=B2)Permethrin is also B2 and many Drs say is okayIvermectin is B3 and MIMs states should not be used in pregnancy
107
T/FOld age pruritus is a diagnosis of exclusion
Truebut the drier the skin the more likely this is going to be correct
108
T/FOld age pruritus starts in those over 80
Falsecan be anyone over 60can start earlier in women as can be a continuation of perimenopausal pruritus
109
T/FOld age pruritus affects over 50% of those over 60
True
110
T/FOld age pruritus is largely due to dry skin
TrueNeed frrequent application of greasy emollientsavoid TCS, calamine and antihistaminesconsider adjusting humidity of home/ nursing home
111
T/FAquagenic pruritus of the elderly is usually due to a malignancy
Falsedue to very dry skin esp in overheated nurisng homesUnusual in Qld
112
T/FPruritus is a side effect of specific drugs
FalseAny drug can cause pruritussome are more likely than others
113
T/FDrug induced pruritus is usually as part of a visible drug eruption
TrueBut can be various other mechanisms or may be unknown
114
T/Fsebostasis and resultant pruritic xerosis is caused byRetinoids, beta blockers, tamoxifen and clofibrate
True
115
T/FMethamphetamines, opiates and cocaine cause pruritus by neurological mechanisms
True
116
T/FChloroquine, clonidine, gold salts and lithium cause pruritus by cholestasis
Falsemechanism unknown for this groupCholestasis caused by;Chlorpromazine, Oestrogens, Sulfonamides, Eryhtromycin estolate, Captopril
117
T/FTopicals rarely effective for psychogenic pruritus
True
118
T/FPsychogenic pruritus includes anxiety/ neurotic excoriations, neurodermatitis, delusions of parasitosis and related conditions or frank psychosis
Trueimportant to rule out an organic cause
119
T/FPruritus caused by nerve problems is a type of dysaesthesia
True
120
T/FNeuropathic pruritus is itch caused by a peripheral nerve pathology
True
121
T/FNeurogenic pruritus is itch caused by a peripheral nerve pathology
Falsethis is neuropathic pruritusNeurogenic is when it is caused by CNS pathology
122
T/FBrachioradial pruritus (BRP) is a type of neuropathic dysaethesia
Truealong with itch due to;Notalgia paraestheticaCheiralgia paraestheticaMeralgia paraestheticaTrigemminal trophic syndrome
123
T/FBrachioradial pruritus (BRP) is almost always bilateral
FalseCan be bi or uni lateral
124
T/FBrachioradial pruritus (BRP) usually involves the shoulder, chest, neck and upper back
FalseUsually localised to dorsolateral forearm(s) and elbow(s) but can involve more proximal areas
125
T/Fhyperaesthesia to pin prick in the distribution of a cervical nerve can be a finding in BRP
True
126
T/Fboth cumulative solar damage and cervical nerve root impingement seem to be important aetiological factors in BRP
True
127
T/FThe nerves most often affected in Brachioradial pruritus (BRP) are T1-T4
FalseCervical spinal nerves C5-C8(brachial plexus is C5-T1)
128
T/FThe skin over the belly of the brachioradialis muscle is the most common site for excorations etc in BRP
True
129
T/FA neurological examination of the upper limb is mandatory in suspected BRP
Trueexamine skinGALS exam for shoulder and spine deformityAssess sensory and motor function of upper limb(s)
130
T/FMRI of C-spine in suspected BRP may show causes of nerve impingement including;cervical ribdegenerative spine arthropathyspinal tumours
True
131
T/FBilateral BRP should raise the suspicion of a spinal tumour or SOL
True
132
T/FIn BRP scratching often makes it worse rather than relieving
TruePts often use ice packs for cooling
133
T/FBRP usually doesn’t respond to TCS or antihistamines
TrueSun protection importantTopical capsaicinGabapentinPhysioDeep intramuscular stimulation acupuncture to the paravertebral muscles in the affected dermatomes
134
T/FCutaneous dysaesthesia means chronic skin symptoms without any objective findings
TrueIn these conditions it can be hard for the pt to distinguish between itch and pain and may have both
135
T/FNotalgia paraesthetica is a local intense pruritus of upper back esp medial border/inferior tip of scapula
True
136
T/FSymptoms of notalgia paraesthetica may include;painitchparaesthesiahyperaesthesiahyperalgesiahypoaesthesia
Truethese areparaesthesia (tingling or pins and needles)hyperaesthesia (increased sensitivity to stimuli including pain)hyperalgesia (increased pain response)hypoaesthesia (reduced sensitivity to stimuli)
137
T/FThe region of skin affected by notalgia paraesthetica corresponds to the innervation of C5-C8
FalseT2-T6(posterior rami)
138
T/FSkin consequences of notalgia paraesthetica includehyperpigmenattionLSCMacular amyloidosis
True
139
T/FThe symptoms of notalgia paraesthetica always stay localised to the shoulder tip area
FalseSometimes symptoms become more widespread and can include scalp
140
T/FIn notalgia paraesthetica, >95% have a spinal pathology affecting the posterior rami in the associated dermatomes (T2-6) causing impingement of the nerve(s) as they pass through the muscles
Falseabout 60%
141
T/FIncreased prevalence of notalgia paraesthetica in pts with MEN2A
True
142
What are the treatments for notalgia paraesthetica?
Consider T spine imaging – X-ray or MRI – high rate of pathology found but often little can be done1st line;Reducing dose of topical capsaicin (0.025% - 0.075%) may help symptoms – start 5x per day and reduce over 4 weeksLignocaine patch 5% (Versatis in Aus)2nd line;Topical anaesthetics – EMLA GabapentinOxcarbazepine 300-600mg BD (antiepileptic)TENS or cutaneous field stimulation3rd line;AcupunctureBoTox AVertebral nerve block with bupivacaine + methylpredSpinal physio w/ Ultrasound and manipulation
143
What is the general Rx ladder for neuropathic dysaethesias?
```
Capsaicin
Gabapentin
Physio
nerve stimulation
nerve blocks
acupuncture
surgery if amenable problem found on imaging
topical LA good for notalgia paraesthetica
```
144
T/FAllodynia is often a feature of notalgia paraesthetica
False
allodynia often in meralgia paraesthetica(= pain sensation from non painful stimulus)In NP there ishyperaesthesia (increased sensitivity to stimuli including pain)hyperalgesia (increased pain response)
145
What is the cause of meralgia paraesthetica?
Usually due to pressure on lateral femoral cutaneous nerve as it passes under inguinal ligament
Rarely due to an L1-4 radiculopathy
146
What are the risk factors for Meralgia paraesthetica?
```
obesity
pregnancy
prolonged sitting
tight clothing
carrying heavy wallet in trouser pocket
```
147
T/FMeralgia paraesthetica doesnt have a patch of hyperpigmentation like notalgia paraesthetica
False
| May or may not be patch
148
What are the treatments of Meralgia paraesthetica?
Relieve pressure by addressing risk factorsNerve blockSurgical decompressionOther list of Rxs for neuropathic dysaethesias
149
What is Cheiralgia paraesthetica?
Entrapment of radial nerveCauses symptoms on dorsal 1st webspace region of hand
150
Where is the nerve lesion in Trigeminal trophic syndrome?
sensory portion of the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerveresulting in paraesthesia and dysaesthesia of a region of skin centred on the nasal ala
151
Why is the tip of the nose spared in Trigeminal trophic syndrome?
It is supplied by the external nasal branch of the anterior ethmoidal nerve arising from the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nrve
152
T/FThe ulcer caused by picking in Trigeminal trophic syndrome may extend onto cheek and upper lip
True
153
What are the causes of nerve damage resulting in Trigeminal trophic syndrome?
iatrogenic ablation of the Gasserian ganglion when treating trigeminal neuralgia by surgery or alcohol injections
infection (VZV, HSV, mycobacteria/ leprous neuritis)
occlusive CVA (posterior inferior cerebellar artery)
syringobulbiaCNS tumour (esp posterior fossa) or treatment of a CNS tumour
post-encephalitic Parkinsonism
brainstem infarcts
154
T/FTrigeminal trophic syndrome can be centred on the lateral forehead, scalp or cheeks
Truerarely
155
T/FIn Trigeminal trophic syndrome the ipsilateral corneal reflex may be absent
True
| should send to ophthal if suspected
156
T/Fhypoaesthesia is seen in Trigeminal trophic syndrome
Truereduced sensation to pain (hypoalgesia) and touch in general (hypoaesthesia)
157
What are the DDs for Trigeminal trophic syndrome?
BCC, also SCCnasal NK/T cell lymphomaInfections: HSV, Leishmani spp., dimorphic fungi, yawsInflammatory: vasculitis e.g. Wegener’s granulomatosis, pyoderma gangrenosumDermatitis artefacta
158
What are the treatments for Trigeminal trophic syndrome?
Multidisciplinary Rx - Pt, carer/family, GP, Derm, Ophthal, Neurology, Plastics, OT, wound care nurse
Pt education very important. Difficult in confused pts, wearing gloves may help
Dressings can help protect the area and promote healing
Wear a protective barrier at night
Inhibit sensations with carbamazepine, diazepam, amitryptaline, chlorpromazine
Cervical sympathectomy, transcutaneous electrical stimulation
Surgical repair of defect with an innervated skin flap offers good chance of recovery
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What is Trigeminal neuralgia?
Recurrent paroxysms of sharp pain in a territory of one of the sensory divisions on CNV
Old name is Tic douloureux
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What is Levator ani syndrome?
Brief burning pain in rectal or perineal area or tenesmus
Triggered by elimination or sitting down
Unknown aetiology
Also called proctodynia, piriformis syndromeProctalgia fugax is a variant
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What is Proctalgia fugax?
Variant of levator ani syndrome
Mainly young adult males
Often occurs at night – may wake pt from sleep
Sudden onset cramp-like or stabbing pain in rectal area which resolves in few minutes or is relieved by digital dilatation of anal sphincter
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What is Coccydynia?
Intermittent or persistent burning pain localised to coccyx
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What is Male genital pain syndrome?
Continuous, intermittent or episodic pain during micturition, exercise, penetration or ejaculation
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What is Episodic burning perineal pain with itch?
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Type of Dysaesthetic anogenital pain syndrome
Symptoms as per the name
Stressed individuals
Short lived intense symptoms
May be precipitated by full rectum
Skin is normal
?type of dermatological ‘non-disease’
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165
What is Koro?
Psychogenic disorder mainly in japanAcute anxiety and fear related to sensation of genitalia being inwardly retractedMay be burning pain
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T/F
| Patients with pruritus of unknow cause are at increased risk of haematological malignancy and cholangiocarcinoma only
True
| ensure age appropriate screen UTD and look for features of these in particular but no need for tumour markers etc
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What is aprepitant? what kind of itch is it good for?
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neurokinin-1 receptor inhibitor
is available in Aus – used for N&V in chemo
Good for itch from
atopic dermatitis
prurigo nodules
EGFR inhibitors
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