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Y4 SA dermatology > Pruritic ectoparasitic disease > Flashcards

Pruritic ectoparasitic disease Flashcards

Ectoparasites other than fleas

1
Q

Pediculosis

A
  • louse infestation
  • uncommon in dogs and cats
  • Felicola sp (cat): chewing/biting
  • Trichodectes canis (dog): chewing/biting
  • Linognathus setosus (dog): sucking
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2
Q

Pediculosis: surface, burrowing or deep?

A
  • surface
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3
Q

Pediculosis: Brief life cycle summary

A

Whole life cycle on host -> easy to kill

Can live off host?
- Adults survive 3 days only
- May have nits in bedding -> indirect infestation

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4
Q

Pediculosis: host specific?

A
  • yes
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5
Q

Pediculosis: contagious?

A
  • yes
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6
Q

Pediculosis: zoonotic?

A
  • no
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7
Q

Pediculosis: classical clinical signs

A
  • Often asymptomatic
  • may see: poor coat, scaling, papules, crusts, variable pruritus
  • Heavy infestation may -> anaemia, lethargy
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8
Q

Pediculosis: dx

A
  • Coat combing/brush
  • Hair plucks for eggs?
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9
Q

Pediculosis: importance

A
  • Uncommon
  • Dz of debilitation
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10
Q

Pediculosis: tx

A
  • Relatively easy as life-cycle entirely on host
  • Many flea adulticides effective, e.g. imidacloprid, fipronil, selamectin – all licensed, isoxazolines - not licensed but likely effective
  • Treat in-contacts also
  • Environmental cleaning recommended
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11
Q

Arachnids

A
  • Sarcoptic mange (dog)
  • Cheyletiellosis (dog, cat)
  • Otodectes (dog, cat)
  • Neotrombicula autumnal (dog, cat)
  • Canine demodicosis
  • Feline demodicosis
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12
Q

Sarcoptic mange: parasite name

A
  • Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis
  • Round mite, 8 short legs
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13
Q

Sarcoptic mange: Surface/burrowing/deep?

A
  • Burrow in stratum corneum
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14
Q

Sarcoptic mange: Brief life cycle summary

A
  • Where lifecycle occurs: on host
  • Can survive off host? Yes. – How long? 1-2 days
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15
Q

Sarcoptic mange: Host-specific?

A
  • Wildlife reservoir = Fox
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16
Q

Sarcoptic mange: Contagious?

A
  • Yes, highly
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17
Q

Sarcoptic mange: Zoonotic?

A
  • Yes
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18
Q

Sarcoptic mange: Classical clinical signs

A
  • Intense pruritus
  • Papules and crusts, esp pinnal margins, elbows, hocks, sternum but other areas also affected
  • 80% show pinnal pedal reflex (hindleg scratches when pinnal lesions rubbed) – not 100% specificity
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19
Q

Sarcoptic mange: Diagnostic tests

A
  • Superficial skin scrapings: NB 25-50% sensitivity, high risk false negatives
  • IgG serology (ELISA): available but potential for false +ves and false –ves so uncommonly used. NB seroconversion takes 4 weeks so don’t sample too early
  • Therapeutic trial justified if disease suspected
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20
Q

Sarcoptic mange: Management

A

Acaracidal treatment to animals:
- Sarolaner, afoxolaner, fluralaner (ie selected isoxazolines) licensed
- Also selamectin, moxidectin
- Treat in-contacts also
- Treatments very effective but can take several weeks to respond - warn owner

Other actions:
- +/- short course corticosteroids (e.g. prednisolone) or oclacitinib (off label) to control pruritus if needed – NB pruritus may increase as mites die
- Contagious to other dogs: avoid contact
- Decontaminate or destroy fomites such as bedding, brushes
- Treat environment, e.g. environmental flea spray

Zoonotic! - advise owner

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21
Q

Cheyletiellosis: Parasite name

A
  • Cheyletiella spp
  • Heart-shaped body, 8 long legs
  • Accessory mouthparts terminate in prominent hooks
  • Other spp of this genus affects rabbits
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22
Q

Cheyletiellosis: Surface/burrowing/deep?

A
  • Surface
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23
Q

Cheyletiellosis: Brief life cycle summary

A
  • Where lifecycle occurs: on host
  • Can live/survive off host? Yes
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24
Q

Cheyletiellosis: Host-specific?

A
  • No
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25
Q

Cheyletiellosis: Contagious?

A
  • Yes, very
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26
Q

Cheyletiellosis: Zoonotic?

A
  • Yes
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27
Q

Cheyletiellosis: Classical clinical signs

A
  • Pruritus and scale, esp dorsal trunk
28
Q

Cheyletiellosis: Diagnostic tests

A
  • Superficial skin scraping
  • Microscopy of scale from combing – in LP under coverslip
  • Unstained acetate tape strip on skin
  • Trichogram for eggs
  • NB False negatives common so trial treat if suspect
29
Q

Cheyletiellosis: Management in dogs/cats

A
  • Often difficult to eradicate as can survive off host
  • Treat affected animal and in-contacts
  • Currently no licensed products but effective acaricides include: Isoxazolines, Selamectin, Moxidectin
  • Clean environment and treat with environmental flea spray
30
Q

Otocariasis: Parasite name

A
  • Octodectes cynotis
  • ear mites
  • 8 long legs
31
Q

Otocariasis: Surface/burrowing/deep?

32
Q

Otocariasis: Brief life cycle summary

A

Where lifecycle occurs: In ears (but can also be reservoir on other areas of body)

Can live off host? Yes for 5-17d

33
Q

Otocariasis: Host-specific?

34
Q

Otocariasis: Contagious?

35
Q

Otocariasis: Zoonotic?

36
Q

Otocariasis: Classical clinical signs

A
  • Ear irritation, head shaking
  • Excessive ear wax
  • Occasional irritation of face, body
37
Q

Otocariasis: Diagnostic tests

A
  • See mites on otoscopy
  • See mites/eggs on microscopy of cerumen
38
Q

Otocariasis: tx

A

Systemic therapy
- preferable to topicals, as mites may be harboured on other areas of body (not just in ears)
- Selected isoxazolines licensed – containing sarolaner, fluralaner, afoxolaner, tigolaner
- Also selamectin, moxidectin

Topical therapy – rarely used, compliance difficult
- Acaricidal ear drops twice daily for three weeks, as eggs unaffected

NB Surolan/Aurimic and Canaural (polypharmacy ear products)
- licensed but contain no anthelmintic Contain antibiotic - poor antibiotic stewardship to use for mites

39
Q

Harvest mite infestation: Parasite name

A
  • Neotrombicula autumnalis
  • Orange parasite
  • Visible to naked eye
  • 6 long legs, 2 body parts = larva
40
Q

Harvest mite infestation: Surface/burrowing/deep?

41
Q

Harvest mite infestation: Brief life cycle summary

A

Where lifecycle occurs:
- Occur seasonally (summer/autumn) and in certain geographical areas only. Nymphs and adults on ground (free-living). Only larva parasitic.

Can live off host?
- Yes

42
Q

Harvest mite infestation: Host-specific?

A
  • No
  • Affects dogs, cats, occasionally humans
43
Q

Harvest mite infestation: Contagious?

A
  • Not directly between animals
44
Q

Harvest mite infestation: Zoonotic?

A
  • No, but people can be infested from larvae on ground too
45
Q

Harvest mite infestation: Classical clinical signs

A
  • Papules, crusts, pruritus
  • Especially interdigital spaces, pinnae (Henry’s pocket), ventral abdomen
46
Q

Harvest mite infestation: Diagnostic tests

A
  • See as orange dots with naked eye
  • Superficial skin scrape into liquid paraffin if microscopy needed
47
Q

Harvest mite infestation: tx

A
  • No licensed products
  • Various products used e.g.
    – Fipronil spray every 2 weeks
    – Selamectin spot-on
    – Isoxazolines – likely effective but not licensed
48
Q

Canine demodicosis parasites

A
  • D. canis: common, variably pruritic
  • D. injai: less common, highly pruritic, extra long-bodied mite
49
Q

D. injai: Surface/burrowing/deep?

A
  • Deep – follicular mite
50
Q

D. injai: Brief life cycle summary

A
  • As per D canis, but D injai often affects adult dogs
  • Where lifecycle occurs: Whole life cycle on host
  • Can live/survive off host? No
51
Q

D. injai: Host-specific?

52
Q

D. injai: Contagious?

53
Q

D. injai: Zoonotic?

54
Q

D. injai: Classical clinical signs

A
  • Intense pruritus especially face + dorsum, often greasy coat, +/- mild hair loss
  • Terriers predisposed
55
Q

D. injai: Diagnostic tests

A
  • Deep skin scrapings – multiple
  • Hair plucks
56
Q

D. injai: tx

A
  • As per D canis + investigate underlying cause
  • No need to tx in-contacts or environment
57
Q

Feline demodicosis: parasites

A
  • uncommon
  • D cati: long slender mite (like D canis)
  • D gatoi: smaller than D cats, broad short abdomen
58
Q

Feline demodicosis: Surface/burrowing/deep

A
  • D cati: Deep- follicular mite
  • D gatoi: In superficial stratum corneum
59
Q

Feline demodicosis: Brief life cycle summary

A
  • D cati:
    – Life cycle/pathogenesis as D canis – may be secondary to FeLV/FIV, other immunosuppressive conditions
    –Can live off host? No
  • D gatoi:
    – Non-follicular mite. Life cycle otherwise as D canis
    – Can live off host? No
60
Q

Feline demodicosis: Host-specific?

A
  • D cati: yes
  • D gatoi: yes
61
Q

Feline demodicosis: Contagious?

A
  • D cati: No
  • D gatoi: Yes- in contacts may be asymptomatic
62
Q

Feline demodicosis: Zoonotic?

A
  • D cati: no
  • D gatoi: no
63
Q

Feline demodicosis: Classical clinical signs

A
  • D cati: Erythema, papules, pustules, alopecia (as D canis)
  • D gatoi: Over-grooming -> self-induced alopecia
64
Q

Feline demodicosis: Diagnostic tests

A
  • D cati:
    – Deep skin scrapes (multiple – use x4 objective)
    – Hair plucks
  • D gatoi:
    – Superficial skin scrapes from areas inaccessible to tongue – need x10 objective
    – Tape strips?
    – Faecal exam for ingested mites?
    – Check in-contacts?
    – Hard to detect so trial treat if suspect
65
Q

Feline demodicosis: tx

A
  • For both
  • Localised form: may be self limiting
  • Generalised form:
    – No licensed products
    – Individual/anecdotal case reports for some isoxazolines
    ->Sarolaner (in Stronghold Plus), fluralaner (Bravecto spot-on) (licensed for cats for fleas/ticks and Demodex in dogs)
  • Need to address and correct underlying cause if possible
  • NB D gatoi: need to treat in-contacts also

Y4 SA dermatology (21 decks)

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