PRTST Flashcards
basic functional and structural unit of life
CELL
Cell Membrane
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS
• GLYCOPROTEIN and GLYCOLIPIDS
• CHOLESTEROL
• ARACHIDONIC ACID
Powerhouse of the cell, produced ATP (energy)
MITOCHONDRION
Cell wall of plants
CELLULOSE
Cell wall of Bacteria
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
Cell wall of fungi
CHITIN
Protein synthesis
RIBOSOMES
Prokaryotes ribosome
30s, 50s = 70s
Eukaryotes ribosomes
40s, 60s = 80s
- Suicide bag of the cell
- has enzyme and free radicals (when released will cause APOPTOSIS)
LYSOSOMES
Days of Red blood cells
120 days
Hemolytic anemia
<120
Lipid synthesis in endoplasmic reticulum
SMOOTH ER
Protein synthesis in endoplasmic reticulum
ROUGH ER
Packaging and storage of substances in the cell
GOLGI APPARATUS
Control center of the cell
NUCLEUS
Building blocks of protein
AMINO ACID
Building blocks of lipids
FATTY ACID / GLYCEROL
Building blocks of carbohydrates
MONOSACCHARIDE
Building blocks of nucleic acid
NUCLEOTIDES
How many chromosomes do we have?
46 chromosomes
Site of ribosome assembly
NUCLEOLUS
The first product of photosynthesis
CARBOHYDRATES
Sucrose is a _____ sugar
NONREDUCING
Glucose and Fructose are _____ sugar
INVERT
Sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed further
MONOSACCHARIDE
Aldehydes of ketone alcohols that contain C H O
CARBOHYDRATES
Aldehexose
GLUCOSE
Most important carbohydrates
HEXOSES
Dextrose, blood sugar, grape sugar, physiologic sugar
GLUCOSE
-Ketohexose
-reducing sugar
-fruit sugar; sweet fruits and honey
FRUCTOSE
aka LEVULOSE, the sweetest sugar monosaccharide
FRUCTOSE
Test for Glucose
MOORE’S TEST
Test for Fructose
SELIWENOFF’S TEST
Test for Galactose
MUCIC ACID TEST
Mannose test
OSAZONE TEST
also know as BRAIN SUGAR, readily absorbed in the intestines; biosynthesized in mammary glands
GALACTOSE
Found in gum arabica/acacia
ARABINOSE
Sugar Found in RNA
RIBOSE
Sugar found in DNA
DEOXYRIBOSE
Glucose + Fructose
SUCROSE
Glucose + Glucose (a-1,4)
MALTOSE
Glucose + Glucose (b1,4)
CELLYBOISE
- Glucose + Galactose
- also know as MILK SUGAR
LACTOSE
Product of starch degradation
DEXTRIN
Polysaccharides/Glycans Sugar
• STARCH
• GLYCOGEN
• CELLULOSE
• CHITIN
The sum total of all chemical reactions needed to maintain life.
METABOLISM
Building up
ANABOLISM
Breaking down
CATABOLISM
Combination of building up and breaking down (Ex. kreb’s cycle)
AMPHIBOLISM
Energy consuming <endergonic></endergonic>
ANABOLISM
Energy producing <exergonic></exergonic>
CATABOLISM
- energy currency of the cell
- storage
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)
Glycolysis
GLUCOSE - PYRUVATE
Intermediate step
PYRUVATE - ACETYL COA
KREB’S CYCLE
ACETYL COA - CO2 + ATP
Glucose Catabolism
• GLYCOLYSIS
• FORMATION OF ACETYL COA; INTERMEDIATE REACTION
• KREB’s CYCLE
• ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
Glycolysis/Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
Aerobic (________)
Anaerobic (______)
MITOCHONDIRA
CYTOPLASM
End product of Glycolysis
2-PYRUVIC ACID
Glucose - Glycogen
GLYCOGENESIS
Hormone responsible for glycogenesis
INSULIN
Occurs in emergency situations
Glycogen - Glucose
GLYCOGENOLYSIS
Hormones responsible for glycogenolysis
EPINEPHRINE OR ADRENALINE
It is stores in the liver, kidneys and intestinal epithelium
GLYCOGENOLYSIS
Glucose is synthesized from noncarbohydrates materials
GLUCONEOGENESIS
General test for Carbohydrates
MOLISCH’S TEST
Test for reducing sugars (Carbohydrates)
BARFOED’S TEST
They are not soluble in plasma, thus, are covered with proteins (LIPOPROTEINS)
HYDROPHOBIC
Carrying lipids in the body
LIPOPROTEINS
-also called Good cholesterol
- Carried cholesterol from blood/vessel to liver where it is metabolized
HDL CHOLESTEROL
-also called bad cholesterol
- deposits cholesterol to other parts of the body
LDL CHOLESTEROL
- energy storage
-excess triglycerides are deposited in adipose tissues - Functions: PROTECTION (Visceral organs) INSUKATION, SOURCE OF ENERGY
TRIGLYCERIDES
Components of cell membrane, component of myelin sheath
SPHINGOLIPIDS/GLYCOLIPIDS
Precursor of other steroids
CHOLESTEROL
Produced by liver, stored in gallbladder
Function: emulsification of fats
BILE SALTS
Sunshine vitamin, needed for calcium absorption
VITAMIN D
Regulates hormone and electrolyte imbalance
VASOPRESSIN
Used to detect the presence of choline
ROSENHEIM TEST
Most sensitive, presence of cholesterol
LIEBERMANN-BURCHARD TETS
Most abundant biomolecule (70% of the body)
PROTEINS
The bond that joints each amino acid
PEPTIDE BOND
Sequence of AA
PRIMARY
Twisting and folding
SECONDARY
-function
- 3D structure
TERTIARY
- Specificity
- arrangement of polypeptide chains
QUATERNARY
Occurs when the sequence if amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds
SECONDARY PROTEIN STRUCTYURE
Occurs when certain attractions are present between alpha helices and pleated sheets
TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Occurs when certain attractions are present between alpha helices and pleated sheets
TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bons
SECONDARY BONDS
Is a protein consisting of more than one amino acid
QUATERNARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Polypeptide chain arranged in tightly parallel fibers and sheets
FIBROUS
Polypeptide chains are arranged in compact, spherical forms; insoluble in water
GLOBULAR
Skin and cartilage
COLLAGEN
Vessels, dermis, tendon
ELASTIN
Hair and nails
KERATIN
Cell membrane
GLYCOPROTEINS
Thin and moving filament
ACTIN
Thick and stationary contractile or motile proteins
MYOSIN
Largest immunoglobulins, first Ig produced during infection
IgM
Smallest immunoglobulins
IgG
immunoglobulins that plays a vital role in secretion
IgA
immunoglobulins that has no function yet
Igd
immunoglobulins produced by immune system (allergy)
IgE
Oxygen carriers
MYOGLOBIN
Transport form of Fe
TRANSFERRIN
Storage form of Fe
FERRITIN
ENZYMES
-vitamin cofactors
CO-ENZYMES
Inactive form of enzymes
ZYMOGENS/ PROENZYMES
Protein part of an enzyme
APOENZYMES
ENZYMES
-Oxidation reduction metabolism
OXIDOREDUCTASES
EZYMES
Transfer of groups, such as phosphate and amino
TRANSFERASES
ENZYMES
Hudrolyze subststrates
HYDROLASES
Removal of functional groups by means other than hydrolysis
LYASES
Catalyze the coupling of 2 molecules
LIGASES
Breaks down of lipids into glycerol + fatty acids (LIPOLYSIS)
LIPASE
Urea ( waste product of breakdown of proteins)
UREASE
Made ul of chains of nucleotides
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Three parts of Nucleotides
• SUGAR
• BASE
• PHOSPHATE
Types of RNA:
-messenger; “template” for trancription
mRNA
Types of RNA:
- transfer; carrying amino acids to sites of protein synthesis
tRNA
Types of RNA:
Ribosomal DNA
rRNA
(STOP CODONS: UAA, UAG, UGA)
A change in shape, structure and nucleotide sequence
MUTATION
Organic substances, not synthesizes within the body , that are essential in small amounts for the maintainable of normal metabolic functions
VITAMINS
“Waste basket”
LYSOSOME
