Protozoology Flashcards by Roleene Kate Vale

long, contractile fiber, arising from a basal body;
may be single or several

Flagellum
Plural: Flagella

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Prolongation of the cytoplasm

Pseudopodia

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Short, fine, contractile fibers that cover the entire body surface and beats in unison

Cillia

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asexual mode of reproduction that occurs mainly in apicomplexan / sporozoans and in some amoebas.

Schizogony / Merogony (Multiple fission)

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Sexual mode of reproduction:
simple exchange of gametic nuclei between paired organisms.

Synagamy, Conjugation

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occurs after a period of asexual reproduction via schizogony, in which haploid merozoites are produced, which can later fuse and create a zygote.

Gametogony

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The stage of parasitic protozoan that is considered infective (found inside a IH)

Sporozoite

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Term for a parasitic protozoan that HAS ALREADY INFECTED A HOST and has begun feeding and growing

Trophozoite

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Term only applies to the daughter cells produced via schizogony/multiple fission

Merozoite

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Development of the parasite is restricted to a single host

Monoxenous Life cycle

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the development of the parasite requires 2 or more hosts, with the mature stages developing in IH, while the mature stage is completed in the DH

Heteroxenous Life cycle

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“the flagellates”

Subphylum Mastigophora

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Kinetoplast and kinetosome just posterior to nucleus: undulating membrane runs forward

Tryptomastigote form

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Trypanosoma form found in DH

Trypomastigote

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Trypanosoma form found in IH

Epimastigote, Promastigote, Amastigote

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Dourine

Trypanosoma equiperdum
DH: Horse
MOI: Coitus

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Predilection site of Leishmania
IH:
Forms present

PS: Macrophages, Reticuloendothelial cells, Lymph nodes
IH: Phlebotomus (Promastigote form)
DH: Amastigote form
Disease: Cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis

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Flagellate parasites that have been in the caecum and colon.
Pear-shaped and presents a rod-like axostyle that runs through the cell and protrudes at the posterior end.
3 to 5 free flagella at the anterior end and 1 attached flagellum running along the edge.

Family Trichomonadidae

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PS: caecum, colon
can be seen in fecal smears (often in rolling motion)
Cattle: can infect reproductive organs and cause infertility, embryonic death and abortion, and pyometra in cows.

Tritrichomonas foetus

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Causes necrotic ulcerations of esophagus, crop, proventiculus
Host: birds
MOI: feco-oral
Pear-shaped, 4 free flagella, 1 attached flagella

Trichomonas gallinae

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PS: cecum, liver
MOI: ingestion of Heterakis gallinarum eggs
DS: blackhead disease in turkeys, fowls

Histomonas meleagridis

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Contains only a single nucleus, presents a large adhesive disc and a bilaterally symmetrical body.

Family Giardiidae

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Treatment for Giardia

Metronidazole, Tinidazole,
Benzimidazoles: Fenbendazole

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Number of nuclei of the ff:
Histolytica
Coli
Bovis
Gingivalis

Histolytica:4
Coli:8
Bovis:1
Gingivalis: none

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How many months should a cow infected with T. foetus be given of sexual rest?

4 months infected males are to be culled

Causes rare but fatal primary amoebic meningoencephalitis

Family Vahlkampfiidae Naegleria fowleri

Treatment against Naegleria fowleri

Amphotericin B, Fluconazole Azithromycin Rifampin Miltefosine

PS: Large intestines Normal commensal of rat and pig: Both trophozoite and cysts posses elongated macronucleus and smaller micronucleus

Balatidium coli DS: balantidiases / large bowel ulceration Both cyst and trophozoites are found in feces

PS: skin, gill, fins causes White spot disease

Ichthyopthirius multifilis

PS: skin, gill, fins, urogenital tract causes skin and gill damage It is the most documented ciliate fount in Nile Tilapias in the Philippines

Trichodina

Treatment against Ichthyopthirius multifilis and Trichodina

Chemical treatment of water using Copper sulfate and Formalin

Treatment against Balatidium coli

Tetracycline & Metronidazole

Diploid spores as a result of sporogony; Found inside the sporulated oocyt; the infective stage

Sporozoite

Eimeria found in the Middle S.I

Eimeria necatrix

Eimeria found in the anterior S.I

E. acervulina E. hagana E. praecox E. maxima E. mivati

Eimeria found in the cecum

Eimeria tenella

Eimeria found in the posterior SI

Eimeria brunetti

Treatment of Eimeriidae coccidians

Sulfanamides (Sulfadimethoxine) Amprolium Dicoquinate

All generas has sporulated oocysts containing 2 sporopcysts with 4 sporozoites (total of 8) Considered coccidians, but has a heteroxenous life cycle which requires prey animal as IH and predator as DH

Family Sarcocystiidae

Enetero-epithelial cycle

Occurs only in DH (predator) Sexual phase and sporulation (intestinal/enteric epithelium) non-pathogenic

Extra-epithelial cycle

Occurs only in IH (prey) Asexual phase and sporulation (in organs/tissues) Pathogenic

Besnoitia besnoiti

DH: cat (cat feces) IH: ruminants, cattle Disease: cutaneous besnoitiasis ( large cysts in the skin and conjunctiva) ; thickening of the skin and hairloss

Hammondia hammondi

Family Sarcocytiidae IH: rodents DH: cats PS: skeletal muscle

causes equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

Sarcocystis neurona IH: opossum DH: horses PS: brain, spinal cord

sarcocystis that is highly pathogenic in sheep

Sarcocystis ovicanis IH: Sheep DH: dogs, canids PS(IH): skeletal muscles

Toxoplasma gondii

Highly pathogenic in both IH and DH PS: Muscles, lungs, liver, reproductive tract, CNS Disease: Congenital toxoplasmosis (Women)

Neospora caninum

IH: cattle DH: dogs causes transplacental infection pregnancy in cattle activates cysts and may cause spontaneous abortion PS: brain, heart, liver, placenta

Treatment of sarcoscystidae coccidians

There is no effective treatment for intracellular chronic stage (sarcocysts in IH tissue) - Amprolium (in IH, cattle and ruminants) -Sulfanamides (Dog and Cat DH)

Treatment for toxoplasmosis

Sulfadiazine+pyrimethamine and Clindamycin

Diagnosis is through the visualization of capsule-shaped gamont in neutrophils or monocytes

Family Hepatozoidea Hepatozoon canis DH: hard ticks (Rhyphicephalus amblyomma) (sexual phase) IH: Dog (asexual phase) Canine hepatozoonosis

Treatment of hepatozoonosis

14 day course of TCP therapy Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine + clindamycin + pyrimethamine

Mammalian malarias are transmitted by

Anopheline mosquitoes

Avian malarias are transmitted by

Culicine mosquitoes

Causative agent of malaria in humans, primates, rodents, birds, and some reptiles. Early trophozoites inside RBC (signet-ring appearance) In some species, banana-shaped gametocyte

IH: Mosquitoes Plasmodium

Parasites of RBC of birds (may occur in turtle and lizards) IH? gametocytes in RCB (elongated, horseshoe-shaped that embrace the nucleus of the RBC)

Haemaproteus columbae IH: hippoboscid flies (Culicodes and Chrysops)

Gametocytes occur in both RBCs and WBCs (lymphocytes and monocytes They are round or elongated cells that grow large enough that pushes and distorts the nucleus of the RBC or WBC it invdes

Leucocytozoon

Leucocytozoon that infects turkeys

Leucocytozoon smithi IH: Simulium DH: Turkeys

Leucocytozoon that infects geese and ducks

Leucocytozoon simondi IH: Simulium DH: ducks and geese mostly found in lymphocytes

Diagnosis by detection of meronts that are pear-shaped (usually in pairs) inside RBC

Babesia canis

Babesia gibsoni

small, oval-shaped meronts in RBC of dog IH: Dog DH: Dermacentor reticulatus ; Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Diagnosis by detection of meronts that are rod/oval/comma-shaped that usually come in 4 (forming maltese cross) inside RBC.

Theleria equi Disease: equine piroplasmosis

Cytauxzoon felis

Diagnosis by meronts that are singnet-ring in shape or dark 'dots' inside rbc

Anaplasma

DH: ungulates and other mammals IH: Tabanids, stable fly, mosquitoes Parasites of RBC and WBC - detection by spherical bodies (singly, or in morula) in the cytoplasm of RBCs and WBCs

Diagnosis by detection of bacilli form or coccoid-form (but in chains) on RBC surface

Mycoplasma (Haemobartonella) -Mycoplasma haemocanis - Mycoplasma haemofelis - Mycoplasma haemomuris

Diagnosis is by detection of granular round to oval bodies in the cytoplasm of the nucleated RBC

Aegyptianella pullorum DH: fowls IH: Argas persicus (Fowl Tick)

Diagnosis by detection of pleomorphic, coccoid, to elliptecal bodies (singly of morulae) in the cytoplasm of WBCs

Ehrlichia Infects: mononuclear-type WBC (monocytes and lumphocytes) DH: dogs an ungulates IH: ixodid ticks (transovarian and transstadial transmission)

Parasites of the respiratory passages of predatory reptiles, birds, mammals.

Subclass Pentastomida

Parasites of the nasal cavity of canids. Earthworm-like with transverse striations and has an expanded anterior end containing the small mouth and 4 hooks

Linguatula serrata IH: Cattle, sheep, rabbits, primates

Parasites of the respiratory passages and lungs of snakes (murag cord)

Armillifer armillatus No IH

Parasites of the respiratory passages and lungs of snakes IH: small mammals (rodents)

Porocephalus crotali

"whale louse" Ectocommensal crustacean of humpback whales. Causes minor skin damge, but generally does not cause significant problems

Cyamus boopis