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Microbiology > Protozoans > Flashcards

Protozoans Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the parasites?

A

Protozoa- single celled

Metazoa- multicellular, made of helminths and arthropods

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2
Q

What are the different families of protozoa?

A 
Amoebae have pseudopodia for locomotion
Flagellates have flagella for locomotion
Ciliates have cilia for locomotion 
All 3 undergo asexual reproduction
Coccidia or sporozoans
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of coccidia or sporozoans?

A 
Amebic or flagellated forms
Asexual cycle- Schizogony
Sexual cycles-Sporogony or gametogony
Have alternative hosts
Typical cycle goes from oocyst to sporozoite to gametocyte to oocyst
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4
Q

What groups form the helminths?

A

Platyhelminths or flatworms

Nematodes or roundworms

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of the flatworms?

A

Composed of cestodes or tapeworms and trematodes or flukes
Hermaphroditic except schistosomes
Snail is first intermediate host
Eosinophilia is common, IgE
Have mouth with no anus
Cause cercarial itch especially schistosomes

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of cestodes ot tapeworms?

A

Ribbon like segmented and cause mild diarrhea

Diphyllobothrium latum causes pernicious anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency

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7
Q

What are the different names for the tapeworms segments?

A

Proglottid= single segment
Gravid proglottid=proglottid containing eggs
Strobila= chain of proglottids
Scolex= head with suckers and/or hooklets

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of roundworms?

A

Have separate sexes
Have a mouth and anus
Pathology due to worm movement causing irritation and blockage

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of arthropods?

A

Ectoparasites- feed and live on host exterior without transmit microorganisms
Vectors can be biological or mechanical and transmit disease causing microorganisms

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10
Q

What are some common parasites?

A

Ascaris- most common in the world
Plasmodium- Most deadly
Trichomonas vaginalis- most common in the US

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11
Q

What are some ameboid protozoans?

A

Entamoeba histolytica
Acanthamoeba c encephalitis
Naegleria

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12
Q

what are the characteristics of entamoeba histolytica

A

Fecal- oral transmission
Infective stage is a cyst
Cyst is resistant to environmental conditions
Trophozoite form is the motile from in intestinal mucosa
Patients can be symptomatic or chronic carriers

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13
Q

What are the virulence factors of entamoeba histolytica?

A

Cytotoxins/proteases degrade basement membranes
Galactose inhibitable adherence lectin attach to host
Phospholipase and ionophore like protein kill neutrophils
Cell surface necrosis factors

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14
Q

What are the diseases caused by entamoeba histolytica?

A

Intestinal amebiasis/amebic dysentery( abdominal pain, flask shaped ulcers in colon, bloody stools)
Invasion of intestinal mucosa
Liver abscess fairly common
Ameboma=tumor like mass

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15
Q

how to ID entamoeba histolytica?

A

Trophozoites with ingested RBC help differentiate between pathogen and normal flora (E. Dispar, Ent. coli)
Cysts with 1-4 nuclei

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of Naegleria and acanthamoeba?

A

Free living amebae in soil and contaminated warm water
Naegleria has a flagellate and non flagellate stage
Both may be contracted by swimming or inhalation of dust
Acanthamoeba contracted from non sterile contact lens solutions (85% of cases in the US)
Infectious forms are cysts or trrophozoites depending on the route

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17
Q

What are the routes of infection for Naegleria and acanthamoeba?

A

Naegleria enter through the olfactory and migrate to the brain along the olfactory nerve
Acanthamoeba enters through the lower respiratory tract or broken skin in IC patients

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18
Q

What are the diseases of Naegleria and acanthamoeba?

A 
Naegleria fowleri (brain eating ameoba) causes acute primary encephalitis (PAM) fatal in 7-10 days
Acanthamoeba causes granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) chronic in IC patients
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19
Q

How to ID Naegeria and Acnthamoeba?

A

Trophozoites in sterile fluid such as CSF
Culture amebae on E. Coli lawns and look for trails
Acanthamoeba trophozoites and/or cysts seen in corneal scrapings in keratitis patients
No cysts of Naegleria in the human patient

20
Q

What are the flagellated protozoans?

A

Giardia lamblia
Dientamoeba fragilis
Trichomonas vaginalis

21
Q

What are the characteristics of giardia lamblia?

A

1 cause of water borne diarrhea in the US
Fecal contamination of food or water
Cyst is infective stage
Cyst excyst in small intestine releasing 2 trophozoites
Virulence-adhesins taglin, GLAM-1

22
Q

What are the diseases caused by Giardia Lamblia?

A

Asymptomatic carriage 50% of the time

Mild diarrhea to malabsorption syndrome with foul smelling , greasy and fatty stools

23
Q

How to ID Giardia Lamblia?

A

Trophozoites with face like appearance
String test
Cysts and trophs in feces

24
Q

What are the characteristics of Dientamoeba fragilis?

A

No cysts known
Fecal oral
Associated with pinworm infections
Asymptomatic to intermediate diarrhea

25
Q

What are the characteristics of trichomonas vaginalis?

A 
Worlwide-49% in STD clinc
Trophozoite only ,no cyst
Undulating membrane
Cell detaching membrane
Also transmitted through fomites 
Diagnose through wet mount and culture
26
Q

What are the diseases caused by trichomonas vaginalis?

A

Men are usually asymptomatic but can develop urethritis, epididymitis and prostatitis
Women can be symptomatic or asymptomatic
Vaginitis
Burning, pruritus, foul smelling watery discharge green and frothy

27
Q

What are the hemoflagellates?

A

Leishmania donovani-visceral leishmaniasis
Leishmania tropica-cutaneous leishmaniasis
Leishmania brasiliensis-mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
Trypanosoma brucei complex
Trypanosoma cruzi

28
Q

What are the characteristics of leishmaniasis?

A

Caused by all 3 families of leishmania
Vector is the sandfly
Promastigote is infective stage
Amastigote causes tissues damages

29
Q

What are the characteristics of Leishmania donovani?

A

Caused visceralleishmaniasis also called Kala-azar or dum-dum fever
Characterized with fever, diarrhea and anemia
Lethal destruction of major organs (liver, spleen, kidneys)
Hepatosplenomegaly
Pancytopenia= reduced RBC and WBC

30
Q

What are the characteristics of Leishmania braziliensis?

A

Causes mucocutaneous or american leishmaniasis also called chiclero
Death by asphyxiation

31
Q

What are the characteristics of trypanosoma brucei complex?

A

Composed of 2 differents species= T.b. Gambiense (West Africa), T.b.Rhodesiense (East Africa)
Causes African trypanosomiasis- sleeping sickness
Vector is the Tsetse fly that has a painful bite
Evades immunity by antigenic variation (1000 genes)
Trypomastigote is infective stage

32
Q

What are the characteristics of the African Trypanosomiasis?

A

Neurological damage with somnolence leading to coma
Recurring fevers
Fatal without treatment
Winterbottom’s sign= enlargement of posterior cervical lymph nodes
ID: thick and thin blood smears stained with Giemsa show trypomastigotes

33
Q

what are the characteristics of T. Cruzi?

A

Causes American trypanosmiasis or chagas disease
Vector is the Reduviid bug vector (kissing bug) which has a painless bite
Bite around mouth inoculate trypomastigotes into wound
Trypomastigotes become intracellular amastigotes

34
Q

what are the characteristics of Chagas disease?

A

Often fatal through heart damage
Pediatric cases are usually acute
Adult cases are usually chronic
Romana’s sign/chagoma= allergic reaction to reduviid bug
Granulomas in brain cause meningoencephalitis
Hyperplasia of organs (cardiomegaly, megacolon, megaesophagus)

35
Q

What are the characteristics of Balantidium coli?

A

Ciliated protozoan
Fecal oral transmission from handling swine ad monkeys or contaminated water
Cysts are infective stage
Cysts excyst in small intestine release trophozoites
Trophozoites replicate by binary fission and colonize large intestine
Troph encyst and pass out with feces, some invade colon

36
Q

what are the diseases cause by Balantidium coli?

A

Asymptomatic carriage-pig handlers
Diarrhea-watery stools
Tenesmus- straining
Blood and pus;intestinal ulceration

37
Q

What are the coccidians/sporozoans (epicomplexans)?

A

Plasmodium species-malaria
Babesia microti-babesiosis
Toxoplasma gondii-toxoplasmosis
Cryptosporidium parvum-cryptosporidiosis

38
Q

What are the different plasmodium species?

A

P.falciparum
P.vivax
P.ovale
P.malariae-fever periodicity of 72 hours-attacks mature erythrocytes- recrudescence
P.knowlesi-monkey malaria may be transmitted to man
Plasmodium has a sexual cycle in mosquito=gametogony and an asexual cycle in human= sporogony

39
Q

What are the characteristics of plasmodium falciparum?

A

Most often fatal and causes cerebral malaria
Sausage shaped gametocytes
Delicate ring stages-multiple trophs per cell
Attacks all stages of erythrocytes
Fulminating disease with parasite knobs sticking to RBC,clog capillaries, blackwater fever- kidney damage, liver damage

40
Q

what are the characteristics of Plasmodium vivax and ovale?

A

P. Vivax has the widest geographic range
Both attack immature RBC
Cause begning tertian malaria
Fever periodicity of 48 hours
Hypnozoite found in liver
Cause relapsing malaria= symptoms appear after a complete absence
Recrudescence= low level parasitemia converts to high level parasitemia

41
Q

What are the characteristics of malaria?

A

Spread by bite of female anopheles mosquitoes
found in tropical and subtropical climates
Prevented by mosquito netting and drugs (chloroquine, doxycycline)
Paroxysms of fever, chills or rigors
Headaches, muscle aches, tiredness
Jaundice, anemia
Vomiting, diarrhea, organ damage (brain, liver, kidney)

42
Q

What are the characteristics of Babesia microti?

A

Causes babesiosis
Vector is Ixodes tick
Co infections with lyme disease and ehrlichiosis is common
Symptoms of babesiosis:
commonly asymptomatic
Mild malaria without periodicity (fever, anemia)
Severe malaria in asplenic or IC patients
ID: Maltese cross=pathognomic

43
Q

What are the characteristics of toxoplasma gondii

A

Causes toxoplasmosis
Vector is cat feces
Most of the time asymptomatic
Reactivation in AIDS with encephalitis, retinitis
Congenital triad (hydrocephalus, chorioretinitis, intracranial calcifications)
Cysts release tachyzoites
Tachyzoites cross placenta and infect muscle and brain become tissue bradyzoites
ID: high titer anti toxoplasmosis IgM in mom

44
Q

What are the characteristics of cryptosporidium parvum?

A 
Causes cryptosporidiosis
Fecal oral, water borne outbreaks
Asymptomatic to mild diarrhea
AIDS associated severe diarrhea
ID: acid fast (stain red), oocysts in feces
45
Q

What are the characteristics of cyclospora cayetanensis?

A

Similar to cruptosporodium parvum disease and etiology
ID: variable acid fast staining oocysts, unstained mottled pink to deep red
Cysts autofluoresce

Microbiology (8 decks)

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