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Parasitology > Protozoa - Tryp., Leish., Giardia, Trichom., Histo. > Flashcards

Protozoa - Tryp., Leish., Giardia, Trichom., Histo. Flashcards

1
Q

Which diagnostic methods are used to detect the presence of trypanosomes in
dried blood smears?

A: Gram-staining
B: Giemsa staining
C: Lugol-solution
D: PAS-reaction

A

B: Giemsa staining

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2
Q

What is found in giardiasis?

A: Trypomastigotes
B: Promastigotes
C: Oocytes
D: Others

A

D: Others

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3
Q

What is the main difference for detection of intestinal Trichomonas or Giardia
infection?

A: Giardia turn to cyst, Trichomonas not
B: No important difference
C: Trichomonas turn to cyst, Giardia not
D: Giardia much smaller

A

A: Giardia turn to cyst, Trichomonas not

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4
Q

What is an adequate method to detect Giardia cysts in the fresh feces?

A: Impossible
B: Sedimentation
C: Baermann´s method D: Flotation

A

D: Flotation

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5
Q

Which forms of Thrichomonas can be found in the outer environment?

A: Cyst
B: Flagellated
C: Ameboid
D: Not any forms

A

D: Not any forms

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6
Q

Which is the non-cyclic Trypanosoma species among the next ones?

A: T. evansi
B: T. congolense
C: T. vivax
D: T. brucei brucei

A

A: T. evansi

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7
Q

Which morphological form of the Leishmania can be found in the vertebrate?

A: Promastigote
B: Trypomastigote
C: Amastigote
D: Epimastigote

A

C: Amastigote

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8
Q

What are the morphs of leishmanias that appear in macrophages?

A: Trypomastigotes
B: Amastigotes
C: Promastigotes
D: Epimastigotes

A

B: Amastigotes

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9
Q

What species are susceptible for the disease of “mal de caderas”?

A: Ruminants
B: Camel and dog
C: Horse and donkey D: Man and dog

A

C: Horse and donkey

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10
Q

What is the Trypanosoma that infects host without vectors?

A: T. evansi
B: T. congolense
C: T. equiperdum
D: T. brucei brucei

A

C: T. equiperdum

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11
Q

How many flagellums does a Giardia trophozite have?

A: Four
B: Eight
C: Three
D: Two pairs

A

B: Eight

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12
Q

Which method of staining can be applied to detect Histomonas in tissues?

A: PAS
B: Giemsa
C: Gram
D: Hematoxylin-eosin

A

A: PAS

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13
Q

Which has the largest among the causative agents of Nagana?

A: T. vivax
B: T. brucei brucei
C: T.congolense
D: T. brucei evansi

A

B: T. brucei brucei

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14
Q

What is the most frequent cause of death in Nagana?

A: Heart failure
B: Renal failure
C: Pneumonia
D: Spleen rupture

A

A: Heart failure

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15
Q

Which species does the causative agent of dourine belong to?

A: T. brucei
B: T. equiperdum
C: T. evansi
D: T.equinum

A

B: T. Equiperdum

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16
Q

Name of parasite found in closely related species

A

Stenoxenous

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17
Q

Which has cutaneous and visceral forms?

A

Leishmaniasis

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18
Q

What is the animal obligatory for the completion of life cycle?

A

Definitive host

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19
Q

Parasite of cycle involves one species?

A

Monoxenous

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20
Q

Which does not cause nagana?

A

T. equiperdum

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21
Q

which cysts can be found in the faeces of the animal?

A

Giardiasis

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22
Q

Which is monomorphic?

A

T. vivax

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23
Q

How do the clinical signs of Dourine follow each other?

A

Genital, skin, nerves

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24
Q

Which host is not needed to complete life cycle?

A

Paratenic host

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25
Q

Test used in dourine?

A

Complement fixation test

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26
Q

Which animal species have the general form of histomonosis?

A

Guinea fowl

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27
Q

What is the name of the Trichomoniasis species found in cattle?

A

Tritrichomonas foetus

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28
Q

Parasite can only be established in one host:

A

Stenoxenous

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29
Q

Can be detected in giardiasis?

A

Trophozoites

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30
Q

Which is not zoonotic?

A

Histomonosis

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31
Q

Flagellate form can be found in the caecal lumen?

A

Histomonosis

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32
Q

Who is pleomorphic?

A

T. brucei

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33
Q

In which faecal sample can you find cysts?

A

Giardiasis

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34
Q

What can you find in the blood smear of dourine?

A

Trypomastigotes

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35
Q

Which of these parasites can infect more than one host?

A

Euryxenous

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36
Q

Which species is found in old/new world America?

A

T. vivax

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37
Q

What is the vector of leishmaniasis?

A

Sandfly

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38
Q

What is the vector of nagana?

A

Tsetse fly

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39
Q

What is the number of nuclei in infected cysts, of entamoebosis?

A

4

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40
Q

What can be detected in leishmaniasis?

A

Amastigotes

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41
Q

Which form of Histomonas is found in the caecum?

A

Flagellate

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42
Q

Which Trypanosoma needs a mechanical vector?

A

T. evansi

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43
Q

What species is primarily affected by Histomonas meleagridis?

A

Turkey

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44
Q

Which parasite species causes Black head?

A

Histomonas meleagridis

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45
Q

Which is the clinical form of leishmaniasis in dogs?

A

Cutaneous form

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46
Q

How do you detect leishmaniasis?

A

Smear with Giemsa staining. Detection of amastigotes

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47
Q

Which test can you use to detect Dourine?

A

Complement fixation test x2 with 3-week interval

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48
Q

Cellular organelle of leishmaniasis consists of?

A

Nucleus, kinetoplast, axoneme, or basal body

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49
Q

Which species is primarily affected by Histomonas meleagridis?

A

3-12 week old turkeys

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50
Q

Which parasites are pleomorphic?

A

T. brucei, Histomonas meleagridis

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51
Q

What can we detect in giardiasis?

A

Trophozoites (vegetative form) in the faecal smear

Cysts (infectious form) in faecal smear

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52
Q

Which cells carry leishmaniasis?

A

Macrophages

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53
Q

Which trypanosome is not involved in nagana?

A

T. cruzei, T. evansi

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54
Q

Which cellular organelle is present in Trypanosoma?

A

Kinetoplast

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55
Q

Which parasite release cysts into the faeces of animals?

A

Giardia duodenalis

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56
Q

What is the mechanical vector of nagana?

A

Stomoxys and Tabanu

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57
Q

Trypanosoma spp. having undulating membrane

A

T. brucei brucei, T. congolense

T. vivax – Inconspicuous undulating membrane’

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58
Q

Stages of Tryponosoma spp. having undulating membrane:

A

Trypomastigote

Epimastigote

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59
Q

Which trypanosome stage is intracellular?

A

Amastigote

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60
Q

Which has flagellum, but no undulating membrane?

A

Promastigote

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61
Q

Which does not have flagellum? (Trypanosoma)

A

Amastigote

62
Q

Which phenotype of trypanosomes has the kinetoplast anteriorly next to the nucleus, and is also provided with short undulating membrane?

A

Epimastigote

63
Q

Which cells do Trypanosomes invade?

A

WBCs, macrophages

64
Q

Trypanosoma found in old world and new world.

A

Trypanosoma vivax (South America only)

65
Q

For how long does Trypanosoma have…?

A

Many years

66
Q

Salivaria vs. Stercocaira; which occur in South America?

A

Both. These are the Trypanosomes group.

67
Q

What is the size range of trypanosomes?

A

8-39um

68
Q

Name of the cutaneous inflammation after an infection / infiltration with Trypanosoma:

A

Chancre

69
Q

Nagana caused by:

A

Trypanosoma vivax, T. congolense, T. brucei

70
Q

Spp. not effected by Nagana:

A 
Wild animals (reservoir role) and certain breeds of cattle (N’Dama, zebu are resistant.
Ru. Eq. Sus. Ca. effected
71
Q

Which is the largest among the causative agents of Nagana?

A

T.brucei brucei (15-39 um)

72
Q

Largest Trypanosoma from the following:

A

Trypanosoma brucie brucie (15-39 um)

73
Q

Which Trypomastigote has a large undulating membrane?

A

Tryponosoma brucei brucei

74
Q

What is the most frequent cause of death in Nagana?

A

Congestive heart failure

75
Q

Which region of Africa does the acute, more rapid form of sleeping sickness (T. rhodensiense) occur?

A

Eastern

76
Q

Trypanosoma evansi causes:

A

Mal de caderas / Surra

77
Q

The causative agent of Surra (mal de caderas):

A

Has broad host spectrum – Horse, dog, camel, elephant, humans.

78
Q

Which host has asymptomatic Trypanosoma evansi infection?

A

Cattle

79
Q

Surra caused by which parasite?

A

Trypanosoma evansi

80
Q

Surra is found where in the world?

A

North Africa, Asia, Central and South America

81
Q

The vector of T. brucei evansi plays a role as:

A

Mechanical vector

82
Q

Mal de Caderas symptoms

A

Oedema of limbs

83
Q

Which animal has asymptomatic T. brucei evansi infection:

A

Cattle, water pig (since these are reservoirs)

84
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi causes:

A

Chagas’ disease

85
Q

The amastigote of Trypanosoma cruzi occurs?

A

In mesenchymal cells
Amastigote (mesenchymal cells) – Infected cells rupture, disintegrating amasitgotes elicit an inflammatory response - Epimastigote – Trpomastigote (infect new cells and tissues, muscle, nerves)

86
Q

How can dogs be infected with Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

Eating bugs

87
Q

The amastigote of Trypanosoma cruzi occurs where?

A

Mesenchymal cells

88
Q

Which phenotype is not characteristic of Trypanosoma cruszi?

A

Promastigote

See amastigote, epimastigote, and (in the blood stream) trypomastigote.

89
Q

What is not caused by Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

Megalomania

90
Q

Which has the biggest kinetoplast or soma from the 4 Trypanosoma?

A

T. Cruzi

91
Q

How can the kissing bugs inoculate Trypanosoma cruzi in a host?

A

With their faeces

92
Q

Trypanosoma brucei equiperdum causes

A

Dourine (exanthema coitale paralyticum

93
Q

Which trypanosoma species causes asymptomatic infection in dogs?

A

T.equiperdum (does not effect dogs)

94
Q

Which species does the causative agent of Dourine belong to?

A

T.brucei

95
Q

In scientific terms, what is a dollar spot?

A

Uritricia

96
Q

Which ocular problem does Dourine not cause?

A

Nystagmus (strabism), lachrymation, mydriasis

97
Q

Dourine caused by:

A

Trypanosome brucei subsp. Equiperdum

98
Q

Dourine has been found where in the EU in the last 10 years?

A

Italy

99
Q

What is the main sign seen towards the end of Dourine?

A

Paralysis, mainly in hindlimbs

Genitals → Skin → Nerves

100
Q

Geographic locations and symptoms of following Trypanosoma diseases:

A

Nagana: Central Africa, south of the Sahara region - Haemorrhages on mucosal surfaces, inflammatory-necrotic changes, death due to congestive heart failure

Sleeping Sickness: Africa - Leptomeningitis followed by cerebritis

Surra / Mal de caderas: EU, North Africa, Asia, Central and South America - Oedema, neurological (Horse) and ocular (Dog) signs, etc.

Chagas’ disease: South and Central America - “mega signs” like cardiomegaly, mega-oesophagus, megacolon

Dourine: Third world countries, Italy - “dollar spots” Genitals – Skin – Nerves

101
Q

Which of the following is detected by Giemsa staining of blood smear? MCQ

A

Theileria

Trypanosoma

102
Q

What type of biological vector does Salivaria-type Trypanosoma have?

A

Biological vector - Glossina spp. (Tsetse flies)

Mechanical vector – Stomoxys and Tabanus spp. (blood-sucking flies)

103
Q

Which phenotype/form is possible for the pathogenesis of Leishmania?

A

Amastigote

Amastigote host; intra-cellular in macrophages. Promastigote sand-fly; vector

104
Q

Leishmania develops from:

A

Amastigote

105
Q

Incubation period of Leishmania?

A

Several years

After an incubation period of 3 months to 7 years, chronic outcome.

106
Q

Leishmaniosis vector is:

A

Sandfly (Phleobotomus)

107
Q

The sandflies can be the vector of the pathogens of which disease?

A

Leishmaniosis

108
Q

How can host be infected by Leishmania?

A

Female sand-fly. Vector disease. Via biting.

109
Q

Leishmania transmission can be:

A

All

Vector borne. Trans-placental. Sand-fly.

110
Q

What is/are characteristic of pathogenesis of leishmaniosis? (MCQ)

A

MPS killing amastigotes

Hyper-globulinemia

111
Q

Visceral form of Leishmania?

A

Distended intestines, melena, conjunctiva problems, hyperaemic spleen, PU, PD

112
Q

Symptoms of Leishmania?

A

Cutaneous form – Hair loss, hyper-keratosis, desquamation, seborrhoea, small papules, ulcers, crusts, excessive long clawa (onychogryphosis)
Visceral form – Lymph nodes spleen and liver enlarge, fever, anaemia, emaciation, muscle atrophy, ataxia, somnolence, lethargy, anorexia, vomit, diarrhoea, cachexia, PU, PD, ocular signs, rhinitis, coughing, epistaxis, melena

113
Q

Cause of death in Leishmania?

A

Renal insufficiency/failure (kidney insufficiency)

114
Q

Which country lacks autochthonous cases (indigenous, native) of Leishmaniosis?

A

Germany

115
Q

What is the approximate size of Giardia:

A

Trophozoite – 11-17 um

Cyst - 10-20um

116
Q

How do humans get giardia?

A

Swimming, contaminated drinking water, washing food with water, surfaces

117
Q

How do chickens get Giardiasis?

A

Infection per os. Infected water. Water-borne infection.

118
Q

How Giardia infects?

A

Via contaminated water (swimming, drinking water, washing food), food, surfaces, caprophagy

119
Q

Where can we find Giardia extra-intestinally?

A

Bile and pancreatic ducts; liver and pancreas

120
Q

Giardia cyst location?

A

Environment (infectious form)

121
Q

Giardia trophozoite location?

A

Host (vegetative form). In intestine, bile duct, pancreatic duct.

122
Q

Which Giardia duodenalis occurs in dog?

A

Genotypes A-D (ABCD) (A-G genotypes exist)

123
Q

Difference between Trichomonas and Tritrichomonas?

A

Trichomonas 4 flagella Birds

Tritrichomonas 3 flagella Cattle

124
Q

If the following are present, more susceptible to Trichomonas: MCQ

A

Vitamin A deficiency

125
Q

How do pigeons acquire Trichomonas?

A 
Young pigeons (squabs) – Via feeding of regurgitated feed content
Pigeons – Via kissing or from contaminated drinking water
126
Q

General feature of Trichomonas in pigeons?

A

Penguin-like posture (birds stand upright with head high and neck straight)

127
Q

What is the characteristic lesion in the hepatic form of pigeon Trichomonosis?

A

Pea-size necrosis

128
Q

What is/are the worst consequences in Trichomonosis in Cows?

A 
Early abortion (1st trimester, before 4th month) – Early abortion in 6-16th week via absorption or elimination
Pyometra – Greyish-white, odourless fluid swarming with Trichomonas
129
Q

Age when bulls are susceptible to Trichomonas spp.:

A

Above 3 years

130
Q

How does Trichomonas gallinae reach the liver in birds?

A

From navel

Hepatic form – Through navel of squabs into the liver – Greyish-yellow, pea-sized necrotic foci

131
Q

Geographical region with Tritrichomonas problems?

A

Certain states of America (e.g. Florida, Nevada, California, etc.)

132
Q

How does Tritrichomonas foetus live in the genital tract?

A

Epi-cellularly

133
Q

Which can be found in earthworms?

A

Histomonas meleagridis – Heterakis earthworm as a transport host.

134
Q

Predisposing factor of Histomonosis:

A

Turkeys kept together with chickens (asymptomatic carriers, frequently Heterakis infected)

135
Q

Liver of Histomonas infection pathologically seen as:

A

Dry cut surface
Characteristic, greyish-yellow, circular, deep/sunken, necrotic foci 1-2cm or more in diameter. The border of the lesions shows sharp demarcation, and the dry-cut surface shows concentric structures due to expanding necrosis of the hepatocytes on the periphery. Pathognomic lesions!

136
Q

Characteristics of Histomonosis disease in birds

A

Cyanosis of the head (blueish colour)

Also, weakness, dropping of wings, drowsiness, yellow diarrhoea, death within days

137
Q

Which clinical sign is not characteristic of turkey Histomonosis?

A

Head cyanosis (no cyanosis of head not wattles in turkey)

138
Q

Entamoeba histolytica morphology:

A 
4 nuclei, 8-20 um
Trophozoite Amoeboid form, in mucosa and tissues, ring-like nucleus, endosomes (karysome), RBCs in cytoplasm, no mitochondria (mitosome instead, pseudopodia for movement). 10-20um
Cyst Round (cf to Giardia which is oval!), 4 nuclei, blunt chromatidal bars. 8-10um
139
Q

Which of the following is/are characteristic of Entamoeba histolytica trophoziotes? MCQ

A

Eccentric endosome

Phagocytised RBCs

140
Q

What causes anosmia (loss of smell)?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

141
Q

Entamoeba attacks:

A

RBCs

142
Q

Where does the skin abscess of Entamoeba come from?

A

Abscess in liver

Peritonits, pleuritis (if abscesses rupture). Skin: Erythema, alopecia, hyper-keratosis (desquamation)

143
Q

Chronic granulomatosus encephalitis is caused by:

A

Acanthamoeba castellani

144
Q

What is chronic granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) in humans caused by?

A

Acanthamoeba castellani

145
Q

How can a dog become infected with Acanthamoeba castellani?

A

Dog - From water, contact with still water, through skin lesion. Opportunism if dog with Distemper.
Horse – Via inhalation, through skin lesion.

146
Q

Naegleria morphology:

A

10-12 um, rounded
Trophozoite < 20 um, with a single amoebostome
Biflagellar form Swim large distances in water
Cyst 10-12 um, uni-nucleated, round, ostiolum (tiny opening for excystation)

147
Q

What is shape and size of Naegleria cyst?

A

Uni-nucleated, osteolum, rounded, 10-12 um

148
Q

What is the form Naegleria fowleri does not have?

A

Provided with one flagellum

N. fowleri has biflagellar form

149
Q

What is the acute primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in humans caused by?

A

Naegleria fowleri

150
Q

What disease does Naegleria fowleri cause?

A

Primary amoeboid meningoencephalitis

151
Q

What is true for infection with Amoeba? (?)

A

Large nucleus. Large cyst.

152
Q

Specific for opportunist amoebas? (?)

A

Big nucleus

Parasitology (4 decks)

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