protozoa Flashcards
quiz 1
What is the life stage of protozoa ?
- trophozoite
2. cyst stage
what is the trophozoite life cycle of protozoa ?
- motile feeding form
- very fragile
- may be infective
what is the cyst stage life cycle of protozoa?
- resistant
- resting
- infective stage
what is modes of feeding for protozoa ?
nutrition may be obtained from endogenous or exogenous source
what is the modes of reproduction for protozoa?
- asexual
2. sexual
what are the modes of locomotion for protozoa?
- flagella
- cilia
- Pseudopods
- undulation membrane
- subpellicular microtubules
what are the types of asexual of modes of reproduction for protozoa ?
- binary fussion
- multiple fission or schzigony
- budding
what are the types of sexual modes of reproduction for protozoa ?
- conjugation
2. synagmy
what is conjugation as sexual reproduction for protozoa ?
- nuclear exchange
2. new organism by dividing by binary fission
what is syngamy as sexual reproduction for protozoa ?
- fusion of gametes
- zygote = oocyst
- ookinete
- sporozoites
what are types of modes of transmission for protozoa ?
- direct
- indirect
- transport host
what is a direct mode of transmission?
- fecal
- oral
- sexual
what is indirect mode of transmission ?
intermediate host
what is transport host for mode of transmission ?
paratenic host & mechanical vector
what is known as the silent calf theif ?
Tritrichomonas foetus
Tritrichomonas foetus
- reportable cattle disease
- resides in reproductive tract of male & female bovines
- veneral transmission
- major economic importance
- abortion
- low calving rate , rebreeding
- bull & calf replacement ( slaughter w/in 2 wks)
- No cyst stage
what is the sexual transmission of tritrichomonas foetus ?
- lives in preputial cavity of bull
- fold of penis or fornix - urethra
- testes
- epididymis
- seminal vesicle
what is the life cycle of tritrichomonas foetus in males ?
- most bulls asymptomatic
- younger bull not permanent carriers
- yearlying bulls can be positive
what is the life cycle of tritrichomonas foetus in females ?
- potential source of new infection
- maintains organism in herb
- harbor T.foetus after few heat cycle or loss pregnancy
- Carry Tritrichomonas through gestation period & post partum period
what are the clinical signs for Tritrichomonas foetus in females ?
- early abortion w/in 10 day of conception
- late abortion
- endometritis
- sterility
- vaginitis
- cervicitis
- salpinigits
- placentitis
what are clinical signs for tritrichomonas foetus in males ?
- long term carriers of infection
- asymptotic
- swelling of prepuce
- mucopurlent dischage
- guaded prognosis
- Not used in breeding
what is the diagnosis of tritrichomonas foetus ?
- aborted fetus
- placental fluid
- smears from uterus or vagina
- prepuce of bull
what are the diagnostic tests?
- culture
- ELISA
- hemaglutation test
- PCR
- Antigen field test
what is the best method for identifying tritrichomonas foetus ?
combination of culture & gel PCR with 3 preputial scraping
what did pooled samples & PCT showed of tritrichomonas foetus ?
high sensitivity & high specificity
what are treatments & controls for tritrichomonas foetus in cows ?
- imidazole derivative ( metronidazole ) non food producing animaks
- AI for 2 years
- sexual rest for 2-3 estrus cycles
- avoid commingling of herbs
- cull bulls 3yrs or older
what is treatment for bull with tritrichomonas foetus ?
- alcide
- flush preputial cavity x 7 days then 1 week no tx then
- flush EDT x 1
- need 6 negative cultures
Are there vaccines for cows ?
yes - triguard
- not approved for bulls
- 2nd dose should be administered 2-4 wks later
- last injection should precede breeding season by 4 wks
- revaccinate annually
will the vaccines for tritrichomonas foetus prevent transmission ?
No it will limit its duration of infection & results in more pregnancies
what is protozoa that is a disease of young birds that is known as canker or frounce , found in birds of prey ?
trichomonad gallinae
What are hosts of trichomonas gallinae ?
- doves
- raptors
- chickens
- turkeys
- pheasant
- finches
- java sparrow
- canaries
what are characteristics of trichomonas gallinae ?
- not zoonotic
- no cyst stage
- stay in the upper respiratory tract
- lives for 5 days on moist grain
- lives for 20 mins to several hrs in water
what is mode of transmission for trichomonas gallinae?
- adults to squabs → pigeon milk
- fecal- oral
- bird feeders
- cloacal drinking
what are the clinical signs for trichomonas gallinae?
- infection of crop
- unable to swallow
- regurgitate food
What is the reservoir for trichomonas gallinae in CA ?
- non-native urban pigeons for band-tailed pigeon in CA
what is the clinical disease for trichomonas gallinae ?
- depressed /dull
- salivate
- emaciation
- listless
- ruffled feathers
- difficulty breathing
- death
what is the pathology for trichomonas gallinae ?
- caseous necrotic masses in upper digestive tract & viscera
- inflammation
- masses invade sinuses of skull to beak, eye, & brain
- necrotic lesions in liver, spleen, pancreas, heart, lungs ,air sacs
what is diagnosis of trichomonas gallinaea?
- based on hx, clinical signs & gross lesions
- demonstrating organism
- sample collected 48 hrs after birds death
- PCR testing
what is treatment for trichomonas gallinaea ?
- dimetridazole/ metronidazole
