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Parasitology > Protozoa > Flashcards

Protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

Terminology

A

Zoite–functional unit of protozoan development

  • Prefixes are added to the term “zoite” to denote a life-cycle stage.
  • Sporozoite–infective form found in a sporulated oocyst
  • Trophozoites–form which feeds and grows
  • Tachyzoites–form which divides rapidly
  • Bradyzoites–form which divides slowly
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2
Q

Life cycles

A

Oocysts to Sporulation to Sporulated oocyst

Cyst to Trophozoite

Asexual reproduction

  • Binary fission, budding, schizogony (merogony)
  • Protozoa that divide asexually have a short generation time, Exponential increase in the number of zoites, Destruction of host cells in proportion to the infection, Stops after a fixed number of repetitions

Sexual reproduction

  • Gametogonyor sporogony
  • Merozoite becomes either a Macrogametocyte(macrogamont) and then a macrogamete OR Microgametocyte (microgamont) and then several microgametes, When a microgamete fertilizes a macrogamete a zygote forms; then a wall forms around this and it becomes an oocyst
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3
Q

Phyla

A
  • Ciliophora: locomotion by cilia
  • Sarcomastigophora: locomotion by pseudopodia and/or flagella
  • Apicomplexa: locomotion by gliding, largely intracellular with sexual and asexual phases
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4
Q

Balantidium coli

A
  • Pigs, rodents, primates, zoonotic
  • Ciliophora
  • Trophozoites and cysts, largest protozoan
  • Large intestine
  • Mild to severe enteritis and dysentery
  • Tetracycline
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5
Q

Giardia intestinalis

A
  • Dogs, cat, cattle etc., zoonotic
  • Assemblages host specific (Zoonotic are A and B)
  • Sarcomastigophora
  • Trophozoites, Cysts (infective)
  • Small intestine
  • Acute or chronic diarrhea
  • Fecal smear, fecal flotation (zinc sulphate); ELISA (SANP)
  • No approved treatments for dogs and cats, Benzimidazole for cattle, Filters with 10um aperture
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6
Q

Sprionucleus (Hexamita) spp.

A
  • Domesticandwildfowl, S. melegridis in Turkeys and S. columbrae in Pigeons
  • Chickensarenotaffected
  • Sarcomastigophora
  • Largeintestine
  • Youngbirdsaffected (3-5wk)
  • Infectiouscatarrhalenteritis, Listlessness, Watery/foamy diarrhea, Rapid weight loss
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7
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus

A
  • Cattle
  • Sarcomastigophora
  • Transmitted by coitus
  • Bulls long time carriers
  • Early abortion
  • No treatment
  • PCR & culture for diagnosis
  • Prevention-cull +bull, AI
  • Reportable disease
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8
Q

Feline trichomonosis

A
  • Tritrichomonas foetus
  • Sarcomastigophora
  • All breeds are susceptible
  • ≤ one year old
  • Fecal-oral route
  • Diarrhea –cow pie-like stools
  • PCR & culture
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9
Q

Trichomonas spp.

A
  • Canker(pigeons);Frounce (hawks)
  • Domesticandwildfowl
  • Sarcomastigophora
  • “Pigeonmilk”;water;raptorpreying
  • Trophozoites only
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10
Q

Histomonas spp.

A
  • Blackhead
  • Fowl,primarilyturkeys
  • Heterakis isthevector
  • Sarcomastigophora
  • Cecumandliver
  • Infectiousenterohepatitis, Hemorrhagic/necroticliver lesions
  • Separatedby>2yearsraisingchicken& turkeyinsamefacility
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11
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi

A
  • Dogs, cats, humans & many reservoirs
  • Sarcomastigophora
  • Amastigotes in muscle cells
  • Chagas disease, Acute and chronic cardiac disease
  • Elongated trypomastigote in blood smear, Xenodiagnosis or serological test
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12
Q

Leishmania spp.

A
  • Common name: Kala-azar (visceral), Oriental sore (cutaneous)
  • Dogs, humans & many reservoirs
  • Sarcomastigophora
  • Skin, liver, spleen, bone marrow & lymph node
  • Leishmaniasis (Cutaneous, Mucocutaneous, Visceral)
  • Amastigotes in macrophages, ELISA, PCR
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13
Q

Isospora canis

A
  • Dogs
  • PH: Rodents
  • Big oocyst, 50 μm
  • Small intestine
  • Young animals most susceptible
  • Diarrhea can be severe, watery, profuse and bloody
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14
Q

Isospora suis

A
  • Infects 1-2 week old piglets
  • High morbidity; low mortality
  • Diarrhea
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15
Q

Eimeria spp.

A
  • Multiple species (Pigs- 8, Cattle - 12, Sheep- 11, Goats- 9, Birds, Horses- 1)
  • Life cycle: 1. Sporulation; 2. Asexual reproduction: infection and schizogony; 3. Sexual reproduction: gametogony and oocyst formation
  • Small & large intestine
  • Young animals (ex: Foals, 1-3mo lambs)
  • Enteritis and diarrhea
  • McMaster flotation for oocysts, Unsporulated oocysts excreted then sporulate, Sugar flotation or specific sedimentation for E. leukarti (Horses)
  • Treatment: Avoid overcrowding, Sanitation, Immunity develops, Antiprotozoals, Coccidiostats, Supportive therapy, reduce stress
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16
Q

Eimeria tenella

A
  • Parasite in cecum of chickens
  • Infection: Infective stage is sporulated oocysts, Through contaminated food and/or water
  • Cycle: Has 1st and 2nd generation merozoites
  • Clinical: bloody diarrhea, often result in death of young birds, plugged cecum due to clotted blood and sloughed cells
  • Diagnosis: Necropsy (cecum)
  • Prevention: Coccidiostats in food or water, Vaccine (species specific effectiveness)
17
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

A
  • FH: Cat, other felids
  • IH: Warm blooded animals, zoonotic
  • Human infection –oocysts, tissue cysts, transplacental
  • SOI: Intestinal and extraintestinal cells
  • Signs: Cats asymptomatic but acute toxoplasmosis with FIV, Abortion in IH animals, Necrosis of IH organs
  • Diagnosis: Oocysts in feces, Serological using direct agglutination, ELISA, IFA, Aborted fetus and placenta of IH, Necropsy
  • Prevention: Avoid contaminated feces, Avoid undercooked meat from IH, Pregnant women should avoid sources
  • Treatment: Nonsulfonamides and sulfonamides
18
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

A
  • FH: Dogs, cats, humans, carnivores and birds
  • IH: Cattle, herbivores, omnivores, birds; several species are zoonotic
  • Sporulated oocysts with 2 sporocysts each with 4 sporozoites
  • PPP: 1-2wk, sporocysts released 1wk-several mo
  • SOI: Sarcocysts in muscles of IH, Sporocysts in GI Tract of FH
  • Signs: None in FH, Abortion late gestation in IH
  • Diagnosis: Sporocysts
  • Prevention: Avoid raw meat and prevent fecal contamination
19
Q

Sarcocystis neurona

A
  • Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM), the most commonly diagnosed infectious equine neurologic disease in America
  • DH: Opossum
  • IH: Cats, striped skunks, armadillos, fishers, raccoons, etc
  • AH: Horse
  • PPP: 1-2wk
  • SOI: Gametogony in FH, Schizogony in IH (muscle), Schizonts in neurons of AH
  • Signs: Non-pathogenic (FH); Pathogenesis in vascular endothelium from 2nd stage (IH); Affects the CNS, brain, brainstem, and spinal cord of AH (Lameness, Seizures, Difficulty standing, walking, or swallowing)
  • Antemortem diagnosis challenging (Western blot, PCR), Necropsy (Histopathology of CNS)
  • Treatment: Opossum control, Antiprotozoals
20
Q

Neospora spp.

A
  • FH: Dogs
  • IH: Dogs, cattle, sheep, goats, horses
  • SOI: Gametogony in intestine of dog, Sporulated oocysts ingested by IH often go to CNS
  • Transmission: Transplacental typical in dogs and cattle
  • Signs: Abortion (mainly middle gestation), Fetus brain most consistently affected with encephalitis most common lesion
  • Diagnosis: Serology (serum and CSF), Necropsy, Differentiate from T. gondii and Sarcocystis spp.
  • Treatment: None effective in cattle, Prevent fecal contact, Hygiene, Dispose fetuses, Vaccinate cows 1st trimester
21
Q

Cryptosporidium spp.

A
  • AKA: “Crypto”
  • FH: wide range of vertebrate hosts; C. parvum infects calves (<3 wk) and humans; C. andersoni infects older calves & adults
  • Oocysts: small; immediately infectious
  • Transmission:ingestion (often water borne) & inhalation
  • SOI: Epithelial cells of digestive tract, Respiratory tract
  • Signs: Diarrhea, Immunocompromised patients high risk
  • Diagnosis: Oocysts in fecal slides (Direct smear with stain; Concentrated sugar flotation), ELISA for Ag, IFA, acid fast stains such as Ziehl-Neelsen stains parasite red
  • Treatment: None, Supportive treatment, Use filters with 4um aperture, Sanitation
22
Q

Hepatozoon spp.

A
  • FH: Dogs
  • Vector: Amblyomma spp.
  • Identification: Gamonts in blood cells
  • SOI: Schizonts in various tissues, Gamonts in WBCs
  • Signs: H. canis- subclinical infection; H. americanum- severe disease; joint pain, myositis
  • Diagnosis: Parasites in peripheral blood, Examine muscle tissue at biopsy or necropsy
  • Treatment: No satisfactory treatment, Use tick control
23
Q

Babesia canis

A
  • FH: Dogs
  • Vector: Rhipicephalus sanguineus
  • Identification: Trophozoites or merozoites in RBCs (Giemsa stain)
  • SOI: Erythrocytes
  • Signs: Depression, anorexia, anemia, splenomegaly
  • Treatment: Antiprotozoal therapy effective but not approved in USA, Tick control
24
Q

Babesia gibsoni

A
  • Similar to B. canis, but smaller

- Piroplasms in RBC only 1-2um vs. 4-5um

25
Q

Babesia bigemina

A
  • Texas cattle fever
  • FH: Cattle (older more susceptible and have chronic infection)
  • Vector: Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp. (Cattle fever tick)
  • Identification: Trophozoites or merozoites in RBCs
  • SOI: Erythrocytes
  • Signs: Arise from destruction of RBCs
  • Diagnosis: Stained blood smears, Serology (chronic infections)
  • Treatment: Antiprotozoal remedies, Tick control
26
Q

Cytauxzoon felis

A
  • FH: Cats, Bobcats
  • Vector: Amblyomma spp.
  • Identification: Merozoites (1-2um) in RBCs
  • SOI: Blood
  • Signs: Fever, Anemia, Icterus, Developing schizonts cause enlargement of infected cells, Occlusion of blood vessels (heart, liver, lungs), Rapid and fatal disease in south central USA
  • Diagnosis: Peripheral blood smear (Giemsa, Wright’s stain)
  • Treatment: Tick control, Atovaquane(15mg/kg, PO,q8h) + Azithromycin (10mg/kg, PO,q24h) for 10D, Supportive care
27
Q

Leucocytozoon spp.

A
  • FH:Domesticandwildfowl
  • Vectors:Blackflies&bitingmidges
  • Identification: Organismsinbloodortissues, Sphericaltoovaltospindle‐shaped massescontaining1‐4elongate,deeply stainedstructures
  • SOI: Brain,heart,lung,kidney,gizzard, intestine,lymphoidtissue,bloodcells
  • Signs: Pathogenicforyoungducksandgeese, Listless,anemic,laboredbreathing, CNSsymptoms,death
  • Diagnosis: Organisms in blood or tissues

Parasitology (6 decks)

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