Nematodes (Roundworms) Flashcards
1
Q
Ancylostoma caninum
A
- FH: Dogs and foxes
- PH: Rodents, zoonotic (CLM)
- Transmission: Percutaneous or penetration of oral mucosa, Per os, Transplacental(rare), Transmammary(important)
- PPP: 2-3wk
- SOI: Small intestine
- Signs: Acute/chronic hemorrhagic anemia, Pneumonia, Diarrhea (blood/mucus)
- Treatment: Treat pregnant bitches at least once during pregnancy, Capcvet: Treat at 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks of age, Other: Treat nursing litters twice at 1-2 wk and again 2 wk later
2
Q
Ancylostoma tubaeforme
A
- FH: Cats
- PH: Rodents
- Transmission: Per os, Percutaneous
- PPP: 2-3wk
- SOI: Small intestine
- Signs: Less severe version of A. caninum
3
Q
Ancylostoma braziliense
A
- FH: Dogs and cats
- PH: Very zoonotic (CLM)
- Transmission: Per os, Percutaneous
- PPP: 2-3wk
- SOI: Small intestine
- Signs: Mostly diarrhea
4
Q
Uncinaria stenocephala
A
- FH: Dogs, cats and foxes
- PH
- Transmission: Per os (Usual), Percutaneous (Uncommon)
- PPP: 2-3wk
- SOI: Small intestine
- Signs: Interdigital dermatitis in animals previously infected, Not very pathogenic
5
Q
Large strongyles
A
- FH: Horses
- PPP-6-11mo
- SOI: Large intestine
- Signs: Colic most typical, Fever, Anorexia, Constipation, Anemia (heavy infection)
- Diagnosis: Eggs in fecal flotation (McMaster), Identification of L3, Ultrasound, Arteriography, for migrating larvae, Necropsy
6
Q
Small strongyles (Cyathostomins)
A
- FH: Horses
- PPP: 1.5-4mo
- SOI: Large intestine
- Signs: Larval cyathostominosis, Lymphocytic and eosinophilic infiltration, Catarrhal colitis, Protein losing enteropathy
- Diagnosis: Eggs in fecal examination (McMaster), Distinguish cyathstomin L3 from large strongyle L3, Eggs in feces of foals (< 6 wk) due to coprophagia
- Northern temperate climate: Larvae arrest during winter, Adults in spring, Egg counts increase in spring
- Southern temperate climates: Larvae encysts during summer, Transmission occurs during winter
- Treatment: Resistant
7
Q
Oesophagostomum spp.
A
- Common name: Pimply worm
- PPP: 3-8wk
- SOI: Large intestine
- Signs: Nodules from L4 in small and large intestine, Low EPG (clinical signs pre-EPG), Anorexia, Diarrhea (ruminants), Decreased production aka “poor sow” syndrome (Swine)
- Diagnosis: Necropsy, Eggs (chronic infection)
8
Q
Syngamus trachea
A
- Common name: Gapeworm
- FH: Domestic and wild fowl
- PH: Earthworm
- SOI: Trachea, Lungs
- Signs: Mucus build-up, Suffocation
- Diagnosis: Operculated egg in feces, L3 (in or out of egg), Necropsy
9
Q
Ostertagia ostertagi
A
- Common name: brown stomach worm
- FH: Cattle
- PPP: 3wk (Arrested L4 up to 6mo)
- SOI: Abomasum
- Signs: Damage from L3 to immature, Glandular changes (“Moroccan leather”), Increased plasma pepsinogen, Edema (“Bottle jaw”)
- Type I (Summer): Morbidity high, Treat and move
- Type II (Winter): Clinical disease low, High mortality, Anthelmintics against L4, Prevent with treatment winter housing
10
Q
Teladorsagia circumcincta
A
- FH: Sheep and goats
- SOI: Abomasum
- Signs: Similar lesions to Ostertagia but less severe, Weight loss, Diarrhea intermittent, Profuse watery diarrhea uncommon, PPR
- Treatment: MCLs, benzimidazoles, levamisole
11
Q
Hyostrongylus spp.
A
- Common name: Stomach worm
- FH: Pigs
- PPP: 3wk
- Site: Stomach
- Signs: Damage to the gastric glands, Mucosal hyperplasia, Nodule formation, Hemorrhage, “Poor sow syndrome”
- Diagnosis: Eggs in fecal examination similar to Oesophagostomum spp.
- Treatment: Anthelmintics against hypobiotic larvae, Pasture management
12
Q
Haemonchus contortus
A
- Common name: Barber pole worm
- FH: Sheep and goats
- SOI: Abomasum
- Signs: Hyperacute cases lambs die of hemorrhagic gastritis, Acute cases cause anaemia, “bottle jaw”, lethargy, Chronic cases cause progressive weight loss and weakness
- Identification: FAMACHA
- Treatment: MCLs, benzimidazoles, levamisole, Vaccine in AUS, Anthelmintic resistance
13
Q
Trichostrongylus spp.
A
- FH: Cattle, sheep, goats, equine
- PPP: 3-4wk
- SOI: Abomasum/stomach, Small intestine
- Signs: Heavy infections severe diarrhea, Low infections problematic in malnourished or stressed animals
14
Q
Cooperia spp.
A
- FH: Cattle, sheep and goats
- PPP: 2-3wk
- SOI: Small intestine
- Signs: Stressed cattle produce watery diarrhea, Common in weanling age cattle (mid to late first grazing)
- Diagnosis: Fecal egg counts, Trichostrongyloid L3, Necropsy
15
Q
Dictyocaulus spp.
A
- Common name: lung worm
- FH: Cows (D. viviparous), Sheep/Goats (D. filaria), Donkeys/Horses (D. arnfeldi)
- PPP: 24d, 35d, 2-4mo
- SOI: Bronchi
- Signs: Coughing; Post-treatment syndrome (D. viviparous), Rarely patent in horses (D. arnfeldi), Cows typically asymptomatic (D. filaria)
- Diagnosis: L1 Baermann, Necropsy
16
Q
Nematodirus spp.
A
- Common name: Long neck bankrupt worm
- FH: Sheep (lamb to lamb), goats, cattle
- PPP: 3wk
- SOI: Small intestine
- Signs: Sudden onset of ill thrift in lambs, Severe diarrhea (dehydrated carcass), Mortality up to 30%
- Diagnosis: Grazing history, Necropsy
- Treatment: Avoid pastures used the previous year in the spring/early summer, Prophylactic treatment
17
Q
Muellerius spp.
A
- Lung worm
- FH: Sheep and goats
- IH: Molluscs
- L1 with s-shaped kink
- PPP: 6-10wk
- Signs: Lead shot lungs, Clinical signs rare in sheep but more common in goat
18
Q
Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
A
- Common name: Meningeal worm
- FH: White-tailed deer
- IH: Molluscs
- AH: Equine, sheep, goats, llamas, camels, etc.
- Signs: Neurologic disease in AH
19
Q
Metastrongylus spp.
A
- Common name: Lungworm of pigs
- FH: Pigs
- IH: Earthworm
- PPP: 4wk
- SOI: Bronchi and bronchioles
- Signs: Lung migrations cause lesions, Bronchitis/coughing, Secondary infections
- Diagnosis: Eggs with L1 in fecal examination
20
Q
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
A
- Common name: Cat lungworm
- FH: Cats
- IH: Snails, slugs
- PH: Birds, rodents, frogs
- SOI: Lung parenchyma and bronchioles
- Signs: Low pathogenicity; mild cough
- Diagnosis: L1 with kinked tail in feces (Baermann)
21
Q
Filaroides
A
- FH: Dogs
- Differentiate location of adults, L1 tail, age of animal, clinical signs
- Signs: Dry cough
- Filaroides younger dogs; can damage the reputation of a breeder; direct life cycle; centrifuge
- Angiostrongylus and Crenosoma older dogs; indirect life cycle
- Diagnosis: Centrifugal flotation, Baermann, Nodules detected by endoscope
22
Q
Toxocara canis
A
- FH: Dogs, zoonotic (VLM)
- Transmission: Per os, Transplacental, Transmammary (< Hookworms), PH
- SOI: Small intestine, hepatic-tracheal migration
- Signs: Intestinal obstruction with large numbers (pot belly), Entire nematodes pass with feces and vomitus, Feces unformed
- Diagnosis: Eggs in fecal flotation, Adult worms in necropsy, feces, or vomit
- Treatment: Treat pregnant bitch, Frequent treatment of puppies (2, 4, 6 and 8wk), Treat to kill L4 and immature adults pre-egg shedding
23
Q
Toxocara cati
A
- FH: Cats, zoonotic (VLM)
- PH: Mice/rats
- Transmision: Per os, Transmammary, PH
- Compared to T. canis: Do not migrate as intensively, Less immunity, No tranplacental infection = Slightly older kittens
24
Q
Toxascaris leonina
A
- FH: Cats, dogs
- Transmission: Per os, PH
- Compared to T. canis: Migrates locally, No pneumonia, Less immunity, Less pathogenic, PPP 11 wk
25
Q
Baylisascaris procyonis
A
-FH: Raccoons, Zoonotic with high levels of VLM, Can infect dogs
26
Q
Parascaris equorum
A
- FH: Horses
- Transmission: Per os
- SOI: Small intestine
- Compared to T. canis: PPP 10-12wk, McMaster fecal flotation, Moderate/heavy infections cause unthriftiness and production losses, Anthelmintic resistance
27
Q
Ascaris suum
A
- FH: Pigs, Zoonotic
- PH: Earthworms, Dung beetles
- Transmission: Per os, PH
- PPP: 6-8wk, Egg lasts 10yr
- Signs: Milk liver spots, Transient pneumonia, Poor feed conversion
- Diagnosis: McMaster
- Treatment: Associated with indoor/outdoor production, Treat weaning piglets, Treat sows pre-farrowing
28
Q
Ascaridia spp.
A
- Common name: Roundworms
- FH: Domestic/wild birds, Chickens
- PH: Earthworms
- SOI: Small intestine
- Signs: Weightloss, Obstruction, Younger chickens more affected
- Diagnosis: Fecal exam, Necropsy easier
29
Q
Heterakis spp.
A
- Common name: Poultry cecal worm
- FH: Domestic/wild birds, Chickens, Turkeys
- PH: Earthworms, Flies
- SOI: Cecum
- Signs: H. gallinarum is most common and non-pathogenic (Passes Histomonas Meleagridis - necrotic liver lesions), H. isolonche is most pathogenic with diarrhea, emaciation, and death
- Diagnosis: Fecal exam, Necropsy easier
30
Q
Strongyloides spp.
A
- S. stercoralis: Dogs/Cats (Kennels), S. westeri: Equine (Stables, Bedding), S. papillosus: Caprine/Ovine/Bovine, S. ransomi: Swine, Possibley zoonotic
- Transmission: Per os, Percutaneous, Transmammary (somatic stages), Prenatal (Rare, Not in equine)
- PPP: 1-2wk
- SOI: Small intestine
- Signs: Diarrhea, Anorexia, Weight loss, Erythematous reaction and urticaria, Neonatal pigs die before eggs present
- Diagnosis: Fecal exam, Baermann (S. Stercoralis)
31
Q
Trichuris spp.
A
- Common name: Whipworm
- FH: Dogs, cats, swine, cattle, ovine, etc
- SOI: Adults in cecum and/or colon
- Signs: Heavy infections cause diphtheritic inflammation of cecal mucosa, Sporadic disease more common in dogs
32
Q
Capillaria spp.
A
- FH: Dogs, cats, and birds (C. obsignata); Zoonosis
- IH: Earthworms (some Capillaria spp.)
- SOI: Dogs/cats: Airways, Intestinal tract and Bladder; Birds: Alimentary tract
- Signs: Dogs/cats: Relatively non-pathogenic; Birds: Highly pathogenic
- Diagnosis: Necropsy (birds), Eggs more barrel-shaped than Trichuris
33
Q
Trichinella spp.
A
- FH: Mammals, birds and reptiles, Zoonosis
- SOI: Small intestine (adults), Muscles (L1)
- Transmission: Ingestion of raw or undercooked meat, Rats in piggeries, Food waste with infected pig flesh
- Signs: Only in humans
- Diagnosis: Pooled sample digestion, ELISA, Squash preparation
- Treatment: Prevent pigs eating infected food, scraps, carcasses, or rats
34
Q
Dioctophyme renale
A
- Common name: Giant kidney worm
- FH: Dogs
- Incidental finding in kidney
35
Q
Oxyuris equi
A
- Common name: Large pinworm
- FH: All equids
- PPP: 4-5mo
- SOI: Dorsal colon
- Signs: Pruritus, Perianal irritation, Broken hair at the base of the tail
- Diagnosis: Adhesive tape method or perianal scraping
- Treatment: Available but reinfection common
36
Q
Dirofilaria immitis
A
- FH: Dogs, cats, other mammals; zoonosis
- IH: Mosquitoes
- PPP: 9mo
- SOI: Distal pulmonary arteries (adults), Blood (larva)
- Signs: Endothelium destroyed, Fluid leakage, Thrombus formation, Tortuous arteries, Increased resistance, Post-caval syndrome, Wolbachia spp., Sometimes asymptomatic or some exercise intolerance with cough
- Diagnosis: Antigen test (adult females), Mff test, Echocardiography
- Treatment: Monthly preventatives (DEC or MCL against L3 and L4), Improve condition before doxycycline, prophylaxis, adulticide, and cage rest
37
Q
Acanthocheilonema reconditum
A
- FH: Dogs
- IH: Fleas, ticks and lice
- Identification: Characteristic mff to distinguish from D. immitis
- SOI: Adults in subcutis, mff in blood
38
Q
Onchocerca cervicalis
A
- FH: All equid species
- PH: Culicoides spp.
- SOI: Adults coiled in tissue nodules, mff in tissue spaces of skin
39
Q
Spirocerca lupi
A
- Common name: Esophageal worm
- FH: Dogs, wolves, coyotes, foxes, etc
- IH: Dung beetles
- PH: Chickens, birds, lizards
- PPP: 6mo
- SOI: Esophagus
- Signs: Adults in esophageal granulomas; Development of osteosarcoma, spondylosis, osteopathies
40
Q
Physaloptera spp.
A
- Similar to Spirocerca lupi: Indirect life cycle, Insect IH, Egg characteristics, L3 infective
- Different to Spirocerca lupi: Cats and dogs, Stomach, Differing clinical signs, IH and PH, PPP is 8-10 weeks
41
Q
Draschia megastoma
Habronema spp.
A
- FH: All equids
- IH: Musca spp. or Stomoxys calcitrans (flies)
- SOI: Stomach (adults), Skin (L3 = wrong place/time)
- Signs: Non-pathogenic (adults), Nodules in stomach (D. megastoma); Larvae cause Cutaneous habronemiasis/Cutaneous draschiasis, Granular conjunctivitis, and “summer sores”
- Diagnosis: Egg recovery difficult, Larvae is skin scraping
