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Parasitology > Protozoa > Flashcards

Protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

What type of life cycle does Giardia spp. have?

A

Direct life cycle

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2
Q

What are the definitive hosts of Giardia spp.? What part of the host do they infect?

A

Most mammals, including dogs, cats, cows, goats, sheep, horses, rabbits; birds; and amphibians. They are found in the intestines.

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of the cysts of Giardia spp.?

A

Have four nuclei. They can be stained with iodine for easier identification.

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of the trophozoites of Giardia spp.?

A

Have two nuclei and four pairs of flagella

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5
Q

What is the infective stage of Giardia spp.? How does transmission occur?

A

The infective stage is the cyst. It is transmitted by the ingestion of contaminated food or water.

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6
Q

What diseases do Giardia spp. cause?

A

Symptoms include loose, mucoid diahrrea and villus atrophy in chronic infections, althought it is mostly asymptomatic. It is one of the causes of “traveler’s diahrrea.”

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7
Q

How is Giardia spp. diagnosed?

A

Fecal floation, direct smear, and/or ELISA

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8
Q

How does Giardia spp. reproduce? Where?

A

Reproduction occurs by longititudinal binary fission in the intestine. Encystment happens in the lower intestine.

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of Tritrichomonas foetus and T. blagburni?

A

They have flagella, an undulating membrane, and an axostyle.

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10
Q

DoTritrichomonas foetus and T. blagburni have a true resistant cyst stage?

A

No. They form pseudocysts but they are not a true resistant stage.

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11
Q

What disease does T. foetus cause in cattle? What is the main consequence of this disease?

A

It causes bovine genital trichomonosis, which leads to early embryonic death in cattle and reduces the pregnancy rate.

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of Bovine Genital Trichomonosis in males? In females?

A

In males, T. foetus is asymptomatic. In females, it causes vaginitis, cervicitis, endometritis, and pyometra, and causes mucopurulent discharge from those areas.

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13
Q

How is Bovine Genital Trichomonosis diagnosed?

A

First, organisms are recovered by prepucal washes or by collecting vaginal or cervical discharge. The organisms are then identified by PCR or direct smear. They can also be cultured.

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14
Q

Why is it sometimes necessary to perform PCR to diagnose Bovine Genital Trichomonosis?

A

There are several species of non-pathogenic trichomonads that are morphologically similar to T. foetus.

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15
Q

How is T. foetus transmitted?

A

It is a sexually transmitted disease.

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16
Q

What disease does T. blagburni cause? What are the symptoms?

A

It causes Feline Trichomoniasis. Symptoms include chronic diarrhea, tenesmus, gas, an irritated anus, and fecal incontinence.

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17
Q

How is T. blagburni diagnosed?

A

Direct fecal smear, culture, PCR, or colonic biopsy.

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18
Q

What are the hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi? Where are they found in the host?

A

Definitive hosts- dogs, cats, opossums, armadillos, and humans.

Intermediate host/vector- Reduviid bug (also called kissing bug).

Various stages are found in the blood, muscle, spleen, liver, and lymphatic tissue.

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19
Q

What is the infective stage of T. cruzi? How is it transmitted?

A

The infective stage are the metacylic trypomastigotes. The IH pass the metacyclic trypomastigoes in their feces, which enters a bite wound, scratch, or mucous membrane on the DH.

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20
Q

Where is the trypomastigote stage of T. cruzi found? What are the characteristics of this stage?

A

It is found in the blood. They are about 16-20 micrometers long and the kinetoplast is located in the posterior of the cell.

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21
Q

Where is the amstigote stage of T. cruzi found? What are the characteristics of this stage?

A

It is found in muscle and other tissues. They are very small, about 1.5-4 micrometers long and have a very short or absent flagellum.

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22
Q

What disease does T. cruzi cause in dogs? What are the symptoms?

A

It causes American Trypanosomiasis in dogs. Symptoms include a dialated, enlarged heart, arrhythmia, lethargy, respiratory difficulty, hepatomegaly, and anemia.

23
Q

How is T. cruzi diagnosed?

A

It is diagnosed by serological testing such as Western blots, ELISA, IFA, or IHA; a blood smear; or xenodiagnosis.

24
Q

How can one distinguish the sporulated oocysts of Cystoisospora spp. and Eimeria spp.?

A
  • Cystoisospora* spp.- 2 sporocysts with 4 sporozoities each
  • Eimeria* spp.- 4 sporocysts with 2 sporozoities each
25
Q

What is the infective stage of both Cystoisospora spp. and Eimeria spp.? How is it transmitted?

A

The sporulated oocyst is the infective stage. Transmission occurs by ingesting the sporulated oocyts in contaminated soil, food, water, etc.

26
Q

What is the host of Eimeria bovis and E. zuernii? Where in the host are they found?

A

Cattle. They develop in the ileum and colon.

27
Q

How does Eimeria bovis cause disease in cattle?

A

Sexual reproduction or gametogenony causes the majority of damage. The mucosa of the intestine becomes inflammed and congested, causing hemorrhage and the loss of the mucosa and submucosa.

28
Q

What are the symptoms of Eimeria bovis and E. zuernii infection in cattle?

A

Diarrhea, anorexia, dullness, dehydration, weight loss, intestinal lesions, fever, dysentery, tenesmus, possible death.

29
Q

How does Eimeria zuernii causes disease in cattle?

A

Schizogony in the intestine causes the most damage. It destroys much of the mucosa and causes bloody diarrhea, tenesmus, anemia, and emaciation.

30
Q

What is the host of Cystoisospora suis? Where is it found in the host?

A

The DH is pigs (normally suckling piglets). They are concentrated in the jejunum and ileum of the small intestine.

31
Q

How is Cystoisospora suis transmitted?

A

Ingestion of the sporulated oocyst in contaminated feces.

32
Q

What are the symptoms of Cystoisospora suis infection?

A

Pasty/liquid diarrhea with no blood, rough hair coat, dehydration, and slow weight gain. Intestinal lesions can lead to secondary infections.

33
Q

What are the hosts of Cryptosporidium spp.? Where are they found in the host?

A

Various species infect fish, birds, reptiles, and mammals. They are found in the microvillus of epithelial cells in the intestine and other tissues.

34
Q

What is the infective stage of Cryptosporidium
spp.? How is it transmitted?

A

The infective stage is the oocyst. Transmission occurs by direct contact with oocysts from contaminated tissue or mucosal scrapings, food, water, or equipment.

35
Q

What disinfection methods are effective against the cysts of Cryptosporidium spp.?

A

Physical: heating to at least 64°C for 1-5 minutes, freezing at -20°C, UV irradiation

Chemical: chlorine, hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, iodine

36
Q

What water processing methods are effective against Cryptosporidium spp.?

A

Reverse osmosis, distillation, filtration using a filter less than 1 micron, pasteurization

37
Q

What are the symptoms of Cryptosporidium spp. infection?

A

In calves- sudden onset of watery, yellow diarrhea, anorexia, dehydration, weight loss, enteritis

38
Q

What are the hosts for Toxoplasma gondii?

A

Definitive- members of the Felidae family

Intermediate- most mammals

39
Q

Is Toxoplasma gondii an obligate or faculative parasite? Is it extracellular or intracellular?

A

It is an obligate, intracellular parasite.

40
Q

What is the infective stage of T. gondii? How is it transmitted?

A

It can be transmitted through sporulated oocyts from feces and bradyzoites in tissues of IHs.

41
Q

What are the clinical signs of T. gondii infection in cats?

A

Fever, anorexia, jaundice, hepatitis, abdominal pain or discomfort, pancreatitis, neurological problems, respiratory interference, death.

42
Q

What are the signs of T. gondii infection in sheep and goats?

A

Can cause abortions in both species, goats can show symptoms like fever, lethargy, anorexia, etc.

43
Q

How is T. gondii diagnosed?

A

Fecal floation, ELISA, IFA, biopsy, PCR

44
Q

What are the hosts of Sarcocystis spp.? What type of relationship do they have?

A

Definitive- carnivores

Intermediate- herbioves

Predator-prey relationship

45
Q

Where are Sarcocystis spp. found in the hosts?

A

Definitive- intestine

Intermediate- endothelial cells of brain, liver, and kidney; skeletal and cardiac muscle

46
Q

What is the infective stage of Sarcocystis spp.? How is it transmitted?

A

Carnivores, the DH, become infected when they eat sarcocysts in the tissues of the IHs. They shed sporocysts in their feces.

Herbivores, the IH, become infected when they ingest sporocysts from the environment.

47
Q

What are the symptoms of Sarcocystis cruzi infection in cattle? What disease does it cause?

A

Dalmeny disease- fever, diarrhea, vaginitis, abortion in the last trimester, decreased milk yield, nervousness, anemia, death.

48
Q

What disease does Sarcocystis neurona cause in horses? Is the horse a normal host for this parasite?

A

The horse is a dead-end host. Infection causes Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis, where developing schizonts destroy neural tissue, leading to lesions and symptoms like head tilt, facial paralysis, circling, stumbling, etc.

49
Q

How is Sarcocystis spp. diagnosed?

A

Fecal floatation, biopsy or necropsy, Western blot, PCR, medical hx.

50
Q

What are the hosts of Cytauxzoon felis?

A

Definitive- domestic cats

Intermediate/vector- Dermacentor variabilis, Amblyomma americanum

Reservoir- bobcats

51
Q

How is C. felis transmitted?

A

Piroplasms from the tick salivary glands are transmitted to a cat during a blood meal

52
Q

What are the symptoms of C. felis infection? What are the two forms of the disease?

A

Fatal form- fever, depression, lethargy, anorexia, jaundice, death

Non-fatal- similar symptoms or asymptomatic, cat has persistent parasitemia

53
Q

How is C. felis diagnosed?

A

Blood smear, PCR, biopsy or necropsy

Parasitology (5 decks)

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