Protozoa Flashcards
Domain of Fungi
Eukaryotes
Kingdom of Fungi
Fungi
Phylum of Fungai
Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, Zygomycota
etc…
How many phylums are there for Fungai?
Depends on who you ask, but typically 8 to 3
Mycology
Study of Fungi
Mycology includes the study of…
Molds, mushrooms, and yeast
What are Chemoheterotrophs?
microbes that use organic chemical substances as sources of energy and organic compounds as the main source of carbon.
Most protists are…
Microscopic, unicellular, and Eukaryotes
If protists are Eukaryotes, what does that mean?
They have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
How do protists move?
Using a flagella, cilia, or if your an amoeba, move by extending their pseudopods
Do protists have cell walls?
If animal like, no, if plant or fungus like, yes
How are organisms classified as protists?
When they don’t meet the requirements for a plant, animal, or fungus
Are protists autotrophs or heterotrophs?
Both!
How do protists reproduce?
Some do binary fission (asexual process of just splitting) but some do sexual reproduction
What is the life cycle of a protist?
Are lengthy haploid and diploid stages
Good protists
Some help produce oxygen, some are decomposer, some form symbiotic relationships with other organisms
Bad protists
Can cause disease (malaria), dangerous amoeba
Are fungi eukaryotes?
Yes
Do fungi have cell walls? If so, what are they made out of?
Yes, they’re made out of chitin
Where can fungi be found?
Dark places, soil, house, aquatic environment you
Where can protists be found?
Salt and freshwater, soil, other animals
Are fungi more related to plants or animals?
Animals
Do fungi photosynthesize?
No!
Are fungi heterotrophs or autotrophs?
Heterotrophs, meaning they consume organic matter
Are fungi multi or unicellular?
Can be both, most are multi
How do fungi reproduce?
Sexual and asexual reproduction but both forms involve spores
How do spores work?
Spread far away from parent fungus by wind or animals, or other method
Bad fungi
Yes infections, ringworm, thrush, athlete’s foot, parasites, attack plants and destroy crops
Good fungi
Good decomposers, make food source, involved in foods humans eat (cheese or bread risen by yeast or mushrooms), some have symbiotic mutual relationships with other organisms, can also e found in medicine (antibiotics such as penicilin)
What is Protozoology?
Study of protozoa
Protozoa are defined by three traits
Eukaryotic, unicellular, lack of cell wall
What subgroup of protozoas don’t move?
apicomplexans
What kind of environment do protozoa prefer?
Moist environments (plankton)
- most live in ponds, streams, lakes, and oceans
- others live in moist soil, beach sand, decaying organic matter
Are protozoa pathogens?
Only a few
Are protozoa diverse?
Yes
Do some protozoa have two nuclei?
Yes!
What is the macronucleus for the protozoa?
- Contains many copies of the genome
- Controls metabolism, growth, and sexual reproduction
Micronucleus do what?
- involved in genetic recombination, sexual reproduction, and regernation of micronuceli
How do protozoa get nutrients?
- Most are chemoheterotrophic (obtain nutrients by ingesting bacteria, decaying organic matter, other protozoa, or tissues of host
How do other protozoa absorb nutrients?
From surrounding water
What are dinoflagellates and Euglenoids?
Photoautrophic
Photoautrophic?
Use photosynthesis to gain nutrients
Protozoa Reproduction
Reproduce asexually only through binary fission or schizogony
Schizogony?
Multiple mitoses without cytokinesis; eventually many daughter cells are produced at once
Do any protoza reproduce sexually?
A few due by becoming gametocytes that fuse with one another to form diploid zygotes and others utilize a process called conjugation
Taxa Parabasala
- Lack mitochondria
- has single nucleus
- Parabasal body (golgi body-like structure)
EX: Trichomonas
What is a trichomonas?
- Normally live in human vagina
- When pH of vagina raises (becomes basic) the protozoa can proliferate and cause severe inflamation
- Can cause sterility in human women
- Spread through intercourse and is usually asymptomatic in males
Taxa Diplomonadida
- Lack mitochondria, golgi, bodies, peroxisomes
- Originally thought to branch off evolutionary tree before eukaryotes phagocytized the prokaryotic ancestors of mitochondria, but geneticists have found mitosomes which are remnants of the organelles they have lost 2 equal sized nuclei
EX: Giardia
Giardia
Diarrhea causing pathogen of animals and humans
Spreads when host ingest Giardia cysts from contaminated food/water
Taxa Euglenozoa
- Characteristics of both plants and animals
- Scientists originally created Kingdom Protista as a dumping ground for these organisms
EX: Euglenids and Kinetoplastids
Taxa Alveolates
- Small, membrane bound cavities called alveoli beneath the cell surface
- Scientists don’t know the purpose
What are the three subgroups of alevolates?
Ciliates, apicomplexons, dinoflagellates
Taxa Rhizaria
- 1 kingdom of amoebae
- Protozoa that move and feed by means of pseudopods = amoebae
EX: Foraminifera and Radiolaria
Foraminifera are what?
- armored marine amoebae
- calcium carbonate, porous shell
- fossil species
- some form limestone hundred
Radiolaria are what?
s- hell made of SiO2, mineral found in opal
-live unattached as marine plankton
Taxa Amoeboza
- 2nd kingdom of amoebae
- Lobe shaped pseudopods and no shells
- Free living Naegleria and Acanthamoeba which can each causes disease of eyes or brains of animals that swim in water containing them.
EX: Entamoeba and Slime Molds
Slime Molds are what?
Different from fungi: lack cell walls, and are phagocytic rather than absoptive in nutrition
What are fungi cell walls compased of?
Chitin
Do fungi photosynthesize?
No! They lack clorophyll
What are the parts of a fungi?
Fruiting body, spore producing structures, the hyphae, mycellium
What is mold?
Relatively large and compsed of long, branched tubular filaments called hyphae
What is yeast?
Typically small, globulal, and composed of a single cell which may have buds
What are dimorphic fungi?
- Both moldlike and yeastlike
- Many medically important fungi are thermally dimorphic.
- They change growth habits in response to temperature in their immediate vicinity.
What are zygomycota?
- Molds are called zygomycetes
- Coenocytic (multiple nuclei in one cell)
- Most are saprobes (feed on dead or decaying matter)
- Some are parasites of insects and other Fungi
- Reproduce sexually and asexually
Asconycota
- Ascomycetes reproduce asexually by conidiospores
- Partner with green algae and cyanobacteria to form lichens
- Familiar and economically important fungi
- Most of the fungi that spoil food
- Plant pathogens
Basidiomycota
- Mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, jelly fungi, bird’s nest fungi, Toadstools, or bracket fungi = visible fruiting bodies
- Important decomposers : digest ligin and cellulose
- Many mushrooms produce toxins/hallucinogenic chemicals
Deuteromycetes
- Imperfect fungi
- Unknown sexual stages
- rRNA analysis revealed that MOST dueteromycetes belong in the division Ascomycota
Which fungi reproduce sexually?
Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota are based on sexual reproduction.
