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Parasitology and Entomology > PROTOZOA > Flashcards

PROTOZOA Flashcards

1
Q

drugs used to treat visceral leishmaniasis

A

sodium stibogluconeate
amphotericin B
Aminosinidine

oral Miltefosine can be used too

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2
Q

morphological forms of visceral leishmaniasis

A

Amastigotes

Promastigotes

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3
Q

Describe the distribution of visceral Leishmaniasis

A

L. donovani - east africa, sudan
L. donovani donovani - india
L. donovani infantum - mediterrenean region
L. d. chagasi - south and central america

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4
Q

Vector for visceral leishmaniasis

A

phlebotomous fly

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5
Q

a complication of visceral leishmaniasis is called

A

Post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis

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6
Q

Main vector in PKDL

A

L. donovani

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7
Q

Main cause of PKDL

A

RE=eversal of parasite from visceral tropic site to dermal tropic site

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8
Q

How does the presentation of PKDL differ in Sudan and India?

A

India: macular form and atypical distribution
Sudan: Maculopappilar and typical spread

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9
Q

best drug for treating PKDL in iummunocompromised pts

A

Amphotericin B

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10
Q

Classifying cutaneous Leishmaniasis is based on the new and old world. Identify the members of each

A

Old world
Leishmania major
L. tropica
L. ethiopioca

New world
L. mexicana complex
L. brazilliensis complex

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11
Q

identify members of the L. mexicana complex

A

L. mexicana mexicana
L. mexicana amazonensiis
L. mexicana venezuelensis

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12
Q

Mmembers of the L. braziliensis complex

A

L. brazilliensis brazilliensis
L. brazilliensis peruviana
L. B guyanensis
L. B panamaensis

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13
Q

clinical presentation of cutaneous leishmaniasis

A
  1. Leishmanioma, papules: crusts (skin ulcers with raised edges)
    L. major (multiple, wet) and L. tropica (single, dry)
  2. secondary bacterial infection (self limiting)
    Major - 1-2 yrs, Tropica - 0.5 -1 year
  3. Life-long immunity
    Major - both major and tropica
    tropica - tropica only
    Ethiopica - No immunity, not self-limiting, manifests as nodules on the skin
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14
Q

treatment for cutaneous Leishmaniaisis

A

Amphotericin B

Sodium stibogluconeate, pentamidine

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15
Q

the only ciliated protozoa known is

A

balantidium coli (balantidiasis dx)

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16
Q

the largest protozoan

A

balantidium coli

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17
Q

The vehicle of transmission of balantidiasis is

A

water

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18
Q

balantidiasis is known as a zoonotic because

A

It affects pigs (also monkeys) - pigs are accidental hosts

humans are principle hosts

19
Q

sites of infection for balantidiasis

A

Large intestine

Caecum

20
Q

The two morphological stages of balantidium coli are

A

Trophozoite (non-infective, 2 nuclei macro and micronuclei, ciliated)
cyst (infective, macronuclei, spherical)

21
Q

Drugs used to treat balantidiasis

A

tetracycline,
metronidazole
iodoquinol

22
Q

Identify the flagellated protozoa

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

Giardia Lamblia

23
Q

transmission of balantidium coli

A

Feco-oral route

24
Q

Trichomonas Vaginalis morphological forms

A

Only trophozoite stage (both infective and pathogenic)

25
Q

System affected by trichomonas vaginalis

A

Urogenital system

26
Q

Features of trichomonas vaginalis

A 
Pear shaped
5 Flagella (4 free and 1 runs posteriorly)
axystole runs down in the middle
27
Q

Three trichomonas species that occur in humans

A

T. vaginalis
T hominis
T tenax

28
Q

Drugs used to treat T. vaginalis

A

Metronidazole
Nimorazole
tinidazole
Ornidazole

29
Q

Giardia lamblia morphological stages

A

Trophozoite (pathogenic)

Cyst (infective)

30
Q

Mode of transmission of giardia lamblia

A

Feco-oral route (contaminated food n water)

Anal sex

31
Q

Features of G. Lamblia trophozoite

A

Pear shaped
2 nuclei
2 axostyles
4 pairs of flagella

32
Q

Features of G. Lamblia cyst

A

axostyles
4 nuclei
oval

33
Q

Giardia lamblia habitat

A

Jejunum

Duodenum

34
Q

duodenal string test is used to

A

Detect presence of parasites in the upper part of the small intestine

35
Q

Drugs used to treat giardia lamblia

A 
metronidazole
Tinidazole
furazolidone
Quinacrine
paromomycin
36
Q

Plasmodium species that cause human infection

A 
P. falciparum
P. vivax
P. ovale
p. malariae
p. knowlesi
37
Q

Asexual and sexual stages of plasmodium happen in?

A

Humans. K.A schizogony - asexual

mosquito k.a sporozony - sexual

38
Q

The two stages during the asexual reproduction of plasmodium are

A

exoerythrocytic - hepatic

erythrocytic - blood

39
Q

what causes malaria relapses?

A

Some schizonts can become dormant as hypnozoites and persist in the liver. Later on, they become active and cause relapses by invading the blood stream

40
Q

the dormant stage of plasmodium occurs in

A

P. ovale

P. vivax

41
Q

Diagnostic stages of plasmodium are

A

immature trophozoite/ring stage
mature trophozoites
schizont
gametocyte

42
Q

what is responsible for malaria symptoms in plasmodium life cycle

A

rapture of merozoites in blood.

43
Q

Life cycle of malaria

A

sporozites - liver - schizonts with merozoites - merozoites released into blood stream - infect RBCs - trophozoites (RBC) - mature into schizonts with merozoites - merozoites released - gametocytes - blood meal - sexual reproduction - zygote - ookinete - penetrate gut wall - oocyst - sporozoite - migrate to salivary glands - deposited on skin.

44
Q

Give examples of artemisin-based combination therapies (ACTs)

A

Artemisin + proguanil
Artemisin + sulphur/pyrimethamine
Artemisine + mefloquine
Artemisine + lumefantrine (coartem) - preferred in kenya

Parasitology and Entomology (5 decks)

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