PROTOZOA Flashcards
drugs used to treat visceral leishmaniasis
sodium stibogluconeate
amphotericin B
Aminosinidine
oral Miltefosine can be used too
morphological forms of visceral leishmaniasis
Amastigotes
Promastigotes
Describe the distribution of visceral Leishmaniasis
L. donovani - east africa, sudan
L. donovani donovani - india
L. donovani infantum - mediterrenean region
L. d. chagasi - south and central america
Vector for visceral leishmaniasis
phlebotomous fly
a complication of visceral leishmaniasis is called
Post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis
Main vector in PKDL
L. donovani
Main cause of PKDL
RE=eversal of parasite from visceral tropic site to dermal tropic site
How does the presentation of PKDL differ in Sudan and India?
India: macular form and atypical distribution
Sudan: Maculopappilar and typical spread
best drug for treating PKDL in iummunocompromised pts
Amphotericin B
Classifying cutaneous Leishmaniasis is based on the new and old world. Identify the members of each
Old world
Leishmania major
L. tropica
L. ethiopioca
New world
L. mexicana complex
L. brazilliensis complex
identify members of the L. mexicana complex
L. mexicana mexicana
L. mexicana amazonensiis
L. mexicana venezuelensis
Mmembers of the L. braziliensis complex
L. brazilliensis brazilliensis
L. brazilliensis peruviana
L. B guyanensis
L. B panamaensis
clinical presentation of cutaneous leishmaniasis
- Leishmanioma, papules: crusts (skin ulcers with raised edges)
L. major (multiple, wet) and L. tropica (single, dry) - secondary bacterial infection (self limiting)
Major - 1-2 yrs, Tropica - 0.5 -1 year - Life-long immunity
Major - both major and tropica
tropica - tropica only
Ethiopica - No immunity, not self-limiting, manifests as nodules on the skin
treatment for cutaneous Leishmaniaisis
Amphotericin B
Sodium stibogluconeate, pentamidine
the only ciliated protozoa known is
balantidium coli (balantidiasis dx)
the largest protozoan
balantidium coli
The vehicle of transmission of balantidiasis is
water
balantidiasis is known as a zoonotic because
It affects pigs (also monkeys) - pigs are accidental hosts
humans are principle hosts
sites of infection for balantidiasis
Large intestine
Caecum
The two morphological stages of balantidium coli are
Trophozoite (non-infective, 2 nuclei macro and micronuclei, ciliated)
cyst (infective, macronuclei, spherical)
Drugs used to treat balantidiasis
tetracycline,
metronidazole
iodoquinol
Identify the flagellated protozoa
Trichomonas vaginalis
Giardia Lamblia
transmission of balantidium coli
Feco-oral route
Trichomonas Vaginalis morphological forms
Only trophozoite stage (both infective and pathogenic)
System affected by trichomonas vaginalis
Urogenital system
Features of trichomonas vaginalis
Pear shaped 5 Flagella (4 free and 1 runs posteriorly) axystole runs down in the middle
Three trichomonas species that occur in humans
T. vaginalis
T hominis
T tenax
Drugs used to treat T. vaginalis
Metronidazole
Nimorazole
tinidazole
Ornidazole
Giardia lamblia morphological stages
Trophozoite (pathogenic)
Cyst (infective)
Mode of transmission of giardia lamblia
Feco-oral route (contaminated food n water)
Anal sex
Features of G. Lamblia trophozoite
Pear shaped
2 nuclei
2 axostyles
4 pairs of flagella
Features of G. Lamblia cyst
axostyles
4 nuclei
oval
Giardia lamblia habitat
Jejunum
Duodenum
duodenal string test is used to
Detect presence of parasites in the upper part of the small intestine
Drugs used to treat giardia lamblia
metronidazole Tinidazole furazolidone Quinacrine paromomycin
Plasmodium species that cause human infection
P. falciparum P. vivax P. ovale p. malariae p. knowlesi
Asexual and sexual stages of plasmodium happen in?
Humans. K.A schizogony - asexual
mosquito k.a sporozony - sexual
The two stages during the asexual reproduction of plasmodium are
exoerythrocytic - hepatic
erythrocytic - blood
what causes malaria relapses?
Some schizonts can become dormant as hypnozoites and persist in the liver. Later on, they become active and cause relapses by invading the blood stream
the dormant stage of plasmodium occurs in
P. ovale
P. vivax
Diagnostic stages of plasmodium are
immature trophozoite/ring stage
mature trophozoites
schizont
gametocyte
what is responsible for malaria symptoms in plasmodium life cycle
rapture of merozoites in blood.
Life cycle of malaria
sporozites - liver - schizonts with merozoites - merozoites released into blood stream - infect RBCs - trophozoites (RBC) - mature into schizonts with merozoites - merozoites released - gametocytes - blood meal - sexual reproduction - zygote - ookinete - penetrate gut wall - oocyst - sporozoite - migrate to salivary glands - deposited on skin.
Give examples of artemisin-based combination therapies (ACTs)
Artemisin + proguanil
Artemisin + sulphur/pyrimethamine
Artemisine + mefloquine
Artemisine + lumefantrine (coartem) - preferred in kenya
