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Parasitology and Entomology > CESTODES > Flashcards

CESTODES Flashcards

1
Q

Taeniasis

A

Adult form of T. saginata and T. Solium (definitive host)

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2
Q

Treatment against Taeniasis

A

Praziquantel
Niclosamide
no combination. Just one at a time

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3
Q

Cestodes general characteristics

A

flat worms (dorso ventrally flattened)
endoparasites
hermaphroditic on each proglottid
segmented bodies (proglottids are broader than long)
Need intermediate host except H. Nana
no alimetary cnal (absorb nutrients thru skin)
Nutrient needed - lipids for reproduction

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4
Q

The two orders of cestodes

A

cyclophilidae

Pseudophilidae

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5
Q

Order cyclophilidae (xtix)

A

scolex with suckers (with or without hooks)
lateral genital pores
No uterine pores
Parasites of birds and mammals

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6
Q

5 genuses of cyclophilidae

A 
Taenia spp - T. saginata, solium (cow, pig)
Hemenolypsis - H. nana, H. dimunita
Dypilidium - D. caninum
Echinococcus - E. granulossus (dog)
Multiceps - multiceps multiceps
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7
Q

Pseudophillidae (xtix)

A

Adults: scolex with sucking groove or bothria (no hooklets)
lateral or median genital pore
uterine pores
operculated eggs (special adaptation that enable their adaption in water)
ciliated eggs K.A coracidium

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8
Q

Pseudophilidae genuses

A

diphyllobothrium spp - d. latum (fish tapeworm)

spirometra - s. mansonii, s. proliferum

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9
Q

How to differentiate T. solium and Saginata using uterine branches

A

By injecting lactophenol followed by Indian Ink thru the genital pores and counting the uterine branches.

more than 13 - saginata
less - solium

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10
Q

Morphology of larvae of Taenia

A

It is k.a cysticercus

Fully formed head with the rest of the tissues not developed

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11
Q

Forms into which cysticercus can develop into (4)

A

Hydatid cyst
coenurus
cysticercoids
strobilocercus

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12
Q

Describe the morphology of cestode eggs

A

Pseudophilidae: partially embryonated
Cyclophilidae: fully embryonated

Are hatched from oncosphere (hexacanth)
has 3 pairs of hooklets

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13
Q

What infections does taenia spp spread

A

Taeniasis (t. solium n t. saginata) - caused by adult

Cysticercosis (t. solium) - caused by the larval stage

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14
Q

Identify the smallest cestode

A

Echinococcus (has 3 segments only)

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15
Q

What kind of host is man in echinococus granulosus?

A

accidental host

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16
Q

The more serious taenia in causing infection is:

A

T. solium (egg infects man directly)

2 routes of infection in taeniasis and cysticercosis

17
Q

In Taenia, humans are which kind of hosts?

A

Both definitive (adult form) and intermediate (larva stage)

18
Q

identify the germinative part of taenia

A

neck

19
Q

What species of taenia are available and which ones have medical importance?

A

T. saginata and T. solium (medical importance)

Others: Taenia asciata and taenia multiceps

20
Q

Differentiuate between T.solium and T. Saginata

A

The drumlike head with four suckers identifies taenia spp
solium is: shorter, has hooklets, less than 13 uterine branches
Saginata is: longer without hooklets. The uterine branches are more.

21
Q

Identify the intermediate hosts in Taenia spp

A

Pig - T. solium
Cattle - T. saginata
Man

22
Q

Mode of transmission of taeniasis

A

Eating undercooked meat or pork

23
Q

Mode of transmission of cysticercosis

A
  1. External infection: ingesting eggs from contaminated food, water
  2. Internal infection: autoinfection by
    (i) contaminating your own food/drink and ingesting the eggs thru it
    (ii) proglottids carried to stomach thru reverse peristalsis
24
Q

differences in life cycle between taeniasis and cysticercosis

A

in Taeniasis, the intermediate host is either the pig or cattle but in cysticercosis the intermediate host is the man instead of the pig.

25
Q

Describe T. solium lifecycle (Cysticercosis)

A
  1. man ingest raw or undercooked pork with cysticerci
  2. cysts evaginate, attach to the small intestine by their scolex, and mature into adult worms
  3. Adult tapeworms produce proglottids, which become gravid; they detach from the tapeworm and migrate to the anus.
  4. Detached proglottids, eggs, or both are passed from man in feces.
  5. Pigs or humans become infected by ingesting embryonated eggs or gravid proglottids (eg, in fecally contaminated food). Autoinfection may occur in humans if proglottids pass from the intestine to the stomach via reverse peristalsis.
  6. After eggs are ingested, they hatch in the intestine and release oncospheres, which penetrate the intestinal wall.
  7. Oncospheres travel through the bloodstream to striated muscles and to the brain, liver, and other organs, where they develop into cysticerci. Cysticercosis can result.
26
Q

clinical presentation of taeniasis

A 
mild abdominal symptoms
passage of proglottids per anum
intestinal perforation - peritonitis
aspiration of vomited proglottids - reverse peristalsis
appendicitis 
cholangitis
27
Q

diagnosing taeniasis

A 
Stool microspcopy (eggs)
antibody detection (take blood sample)
28
Q

Cysticercosis clinical presentation

A

asymptomatic subcutaneous nodules
neurocysticercosis - seizures, mental disturbances, focal neurologic deficits, signs of space-occupying intracerebral lesiuons/intracranial hypertension (intracranial herniation)
extra cerebral cysticercosis: symptoms from ocular, spinal or cardiac lesions.

29
Q

Diagnosing cysticercosis

A

Muscle biopsy
imaging
antibody infection

30
Q

Treatment of cysticercosis

A

Antihelminthics (albendazole, praziquantel) 4 symptomatic pts with live cysts. NB dont use for intraventricular cysts as you risk precipitating hydrocephalus.
Corticosteroids in neurocysticercoids eg dexamethasone
surgery
anticonvulsants

31
Q

Genus echonococcus members

A

E. Granulosus - hydatid dx, cystic echinoccosis
E. Multicularis - alveolar hydatid dx
E. Vogeli - polycystic hydatid dx

32
Q

Types of cysts in E. granulosus

A

Primary cyst
secondary cyst
acephalocyst
endogenous daughter cyst

33
Q

E. granulosus larval form is

A

hydatid cyst

34
Q

Morphology of the E. granulosus hydatid cyst

A

uniocular
subspherical shape
3 layers - (pericyst, ectocyst, endocyst

35
Q

why the hydatid cyst endocyst layer is vital

A

secretes hydatid fluid
gives rise to brood capsules with scolices

(hydatid sand formed when brood capsules and protoscolisces break off and become deposited at the bottom as granular deposits)

36
Q

infective stage of e. granulosus

A

egg (passed in dog faeces) and infect herbivores animals

37
Q

What is casoni test used to diagnose

A

Hydatid dx. (e. granulosus)

38
Q

which parasite is k.a the fish tapeworm

A

Diphylobothrium latum

Parasitology and Entomology (5 decks)

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