Proteins structure Flashcards
proteins are compounds containing what elements
C
H
O
N
building blocks protein
amino acids
which 2 groups do all amino acids contain
Amino - NH2/NH3+
Carboxylic Acid - COOH
what structurally differentiates each a/a from each other
unique side group
‘r group’
smallest a/a
glycine
what can glycine cross
BBB
body commonly uses 20 a/a for what
polypeptide synthesis
building blocks protein
how must a/a supplements be taken
EMPTY STOMACH better absorbed
what happens if take A/A supplement while eating high protein food
they will go to build muscle not specific therapeutic
beta brainwaves are for what
tense/ fight/flight
alpha brainwaves do what
relaxation, mindfulness
theta brainwaves do what
light sleep/just waking
delta brainwaves do what
deep sleep, dreaming
which brainwaves in meditation
alpha
what is threonine’s nickname
the ‘now’ a/a - helps alpha
dipeptide made up of
2 a/a
tripe peptide made up of
3 a/a
oligopeptide made up of
several a/a
polypeptide made up of
50+ a/a
how many a/a in a protein
a few dozen to several hundred
2 conditions that could denature proteins
heat
acid
what 3 things happen to a denatured protein
uncoiling of structure -
loss of shape
loss of function
which bonds break in denatured protein
disulphide
what is main solvent of body
water
what happens if not enough water in body
impaired chemical reactions
= fatigue
7 functions of protein
body's building blocks enzymes hormones immunoproteins transport proteins acid base regulators fluid balance regulators
2 stages of bone building
cells lay a matrix from collagen
then fill with mineral crystals
which protein does body use for building itself
collagen
Ex of enzymes
digestive enzymes
role of enzymes
change substances without being altered themselves
can act as catalysts
what type of cofactors do enzymes req
vitamins minerals
what if enzymes lack cofactors
will still work but will be impaired -use more energy - fatigue
what 3 substances can hormones be derived from
cholesterol
a/a
polypeptides
whats makes thyroid hormones
Tyrosine + Iodine
which a/a is the base for:
dopamine
norepinephrine
epinephrine
tyrosine
which a/a is base for melatonin
tryptophan
what is protein structure of insulin
2 polypeptide chains
what is protein structure of glucagon
PTH
calcitonin
one polypeptide chain
if lacking in tyrosine or iodine what could you have
faulty thyroid
symptoms of low thyroid
fatigue
hair loss
weight gain
feel cold
what happens to immunity if low protein
compromised
2 types immunoproteins
immunoglobulins
antibodies
ex immunoglobulin
GAMED
which cells produce immunoglobulins
plasma cells
lymphocytes
which cells produce antibodies
B cells
what are the messengers of the innate immune system
cytokines
role of T reg cells in acquired immunity
help end immune response/prevent harmful reactions occuring
other term for acquired/adaptive immunity
humoral
which type of immunity uses antibodies
acquired/immunity
other type immunity
innate
what do transport proteins do
combine with other substances in blood or cells to provide a mode of transport
what transports calcium, zinc, vitamin B6
albumin
what transports bit A
retinol binding protein
what transports )2
Hemoproteins
what transports iron
transferrin
what transports copper
ceruloplasmin
how electrically do proteins act as acid-base regulators
PROTEINS -
attract
HYDROGEN+
proteins maintain acid-base balance in body fluids by
accepting/releasing H+
what do proteins attract that helps them regulate fluid balance
water
what happens if plasma proteins leak out of capillary walls faster than they can be reabsorbed
fluid collects in tissues
oedema
3 protein-related causes of oedema
excessive protein losses - kidney disease/large wounds
liver disease - inadequate protein synthesis
inadequate dietary intake
what are conjugated proteins
proteins joined to non-protein components
2 ex conjugated proteins
glycoproteins
proteoglycans
what are glycoproteins
proteins bound to carbohydrates
3 ex glycoproteins
collagen
elastin
bone matrix
where are proteoglycans found
hyaluronic acid
chondroitin sulphate
keratin sulphate
is nitrogen in protein and fat
no just protein
cells synthesise proteins according to what
genetic info provided by DNA in nucleus of each cell
in protein synthesis DNA dictates the order of what
which a/a linked together to form given protein
what is protein turnover
within each cell, proteins continually being made/broken down
when proteins break down they free…
amino acids to join the general circulation
what 2 types make up amino acid pool
diet derived a/as
a/a’s freed during protein turnover
when energy & protein intake exceeds need, a/a may make what in body
fat
what is process of storing a/a as fat
deaminated - nitrogen excreted
remaining C fragments converted to fat
& stored
where do we excrete nitrogen
urea cycle
