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Proteins & A/A > Proteins structure > Flashcards

Proteins structure Flashcards

1
Q

proteins are compounds containing what elements

A

C
H
O
N

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2
Q

building blocks protein

A

amino acids

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3
Q

which 2 groups do all amino acids contain

A

Amino - NH2/NH3+

Carboxylic Acid - COOH

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4
Q

what structurally differentiates each a/a from each other

A

unique side group

‘r group’

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5
Q

smallest a/a

A

glycine

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6
Q

what can glycine cross

A

BBB

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7
Q

body commonly uses 20 a/a for what

A

polypeptide synthesis

building blocks protein

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8
Q

how must a/a supplements be taken

A

EMPTY STOMACH better absorbed

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9
Q

what happens if take A/A supplement while eating high protein food

A

they will go to build muscle not specific therapeutic

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10
Q

beta brainwaves are for what

A

tense/ fight/flight

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11
Q

alpha brainwaves do what

A

relaxation, mindfulness

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12
Q

theta brainwaves do what

A

light sleep/just waking

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13
Q

delta brainwaves do what

A

deep sleep, dreaming

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14
Q

which brainwaves in meditation

A

alpha

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15
Q

what is threonine’s nickname

A

the ‘now’ a/a - helps alpha

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16
Q

dipeptide made up of

A

2 a/a

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17
Q

tripe peptide made up of

A

3 a/a

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18
Q

oligopeptide made up of

A

several a/a

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19
Q

polypeptide made up of

A

50+ a/a

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20
Q

how many a/a in a protein

A

a few dozen to several hundred

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21
Q

2 conditions that could denature proteins

A

heat

acid

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22
Q

what 3 things happen to a denatured protein

A

uncoiling of structure -
loss of shape
loss of function

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23
Q

which bonds break in denatured protein

A

disulphide

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24
Q

what is main solvent of body

A

water

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25
Q

what happens if not enough water in body

A

impaired chemical reactions

= fatigue

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26
Q

7 functions of protein

A 
body's building blocks
enzymes
hormones
immunoproteins
transport proteins
acid base regulators
fluid balance regulators
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27
Q

2 stages of bone building

A

cells lay a matrix from collagen

then fill with mineral crystals

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28
Q

which protein does body use for building itself

A

collagen

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29
Q

Ex of enzymes

A

digestive enzymes

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30
Q

role of enzymes

A

change substances without being altered themselves

can act as catalysts

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31
Q

what type of cofactors do enzymes req

A

vitamins minerals

32
Q

what if enzymes lack cofactors

A

will still work but will be impaired -use more energy - fatigue

33
Q

what 3 substances can hormones be derived from

A

cholesterol
a/a
polypeptides

34
Q

whats makes thyroid hormones

A

Tyrosine + Iodine

35
Q

which a/a is the base for:
dopamine
norepinephrine
epinephrine

A

tyrosine

36
Q

which a/a is base for melatonin

A

tryptophan

37
Q

what is protein structure of insulin

A

2 polypeptide chains

38
Q

what is protein structure of glucagon
PTH
calcitonin

A

one polypeptide chain

39
Q

if lacking in tyrosine or iodine what could you have

A

faulty thyroid

40
Q

symptoms of low thyroid

A

fatigue
hair loss
weight gain
feel cold

41
Q

what happens to immunity if low protein

A

compromised

42
Q

2 types immunoproteins

A

immunoglobulins

antibodies

43
Q

ex immunoglobulin

A

GAMED

44
Q

which cells produce immunoglobulins

A

plasma cells

lymphocytes

45
Q

which cells produce antibodies

A

B cells

46
Q

what are the messengers of the innate immune system

A

cytokines

47
Q

role of T reg cells in acquired immunity

A

help end immune response/prevent harmful reactions occuring

48
Q

other term for acquired/adaptive immunity

A

humoral

49
Q

which type of immunity uses antibodies

A

acquired/immunity

50
Q

other type immunity

A

innate

51
Q

what do transport proteins do

A

combine with other substances in blood or cells to provide a mode of transport

52
Q

what transports calcium, zinc, vitamin B6

A

albumin

53
Q

what transports bit A

A

retinol binding protein

54
Q

what transports )2

A

Hemoproteins

55
Q

what transports iron

A

transferrin

56
Q

what transports copper

A

ceruloplasmin

57
Q

how electrically do proteins act as acid-base regulators

A

PROTEINS -
attract
HYDROGEN+

58
Q

proteins maintain acid-base balance in body fluids by

A

accepting/releasing H+

59
Q

what do proteins attract that helps them regulate fluid balance

A

water

60
Q

what happens if plasma proteins leak out of capillary walls faster than they can be reabsorbed

A

fluid collects in tissues

oedema

61
Q

3 protein-related causes of oedema

A

excessive protein losses - kidney disease/large wounds
liver disease - inadequate protein synthesis
inadequate dietary intake

62
Q

what are conjugated proteins

A

proteins joined to non-protein components

63
Q

2 ex conjugated proteins

A

glycoproteins

proteoglycans

64
Q

what are glycoproteins

A

proteins bound to carbohydrates

65
Q

3 ex glycoproteins

A

collagen
elastin
bone matrix

66
Q

where are proteoglycans found

A

hyaluronic acid
chondroitin sulphate
keratin sulphate

67
Q

is nitrogen in protein and fat

A

no just protein

68
Q

cells synthesise proteins according to what

A

genetic info provided by DNA in nucleus of each cell

69
Q

in protein synthesis DNA dictates the order of what

A

which a/a linked together to form given protein

70
Q

what is protein turnover

A

within each cell, proteins continually being made/broken down

71
Q

when proteins break down they free…

A

amino acids to join the general circulation

72
Q

what 2 types make up amino acid pool

A

diet derived a/as

a/a’s freed during protein turnover

73
Q

when energy & protein intake exceeds need, a/a may make what in body

A

fat

74
Q

what is process of storing a/a as fat

A

deaminated - nitrogen excreted
remaining C fragments converted to fat
& stored

75
Q

where do we excrete nitrogen

A

urea cycle

Proteins & A/A (4 decks)

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