Proteins And Mutations

Question 1

What type of protein is collagen?

Answer 1

Structural protein, used to build cells and tissues

Question 2

Insulin, which controls blood sugar levels, is what type of protein?

Answer 2

A hormone, which carry a message to control a reaction

Question 3

What type of protein is haemoglobin and what does it do?

Answer 3

It is a carrier protein and it carries oxygen

Question 4

What is the main type of protein that is made

Answer 4

Enzyme

Question 5

What effect does each protein having its own number and order of amino acids have?

Answer 5

This makes each type of protein molecule a different shape and gives it a different function

Question 6

What are enzymes called and why

Answer 6

The are called biological catalysts as they speed up the reactions in the body

Question 7

They catalyse chemical reactions happening in..

Answer 7

Respiration, photosynthesis and protein-synthesis of living cells

Question 8

What does the substrate molecule fit into

Answer 8

The active site of the enzyme - like a key fitting into a lock (why enzymes are described as working according to the ‘lock and key mechanism’)

Question 9

What is specificity?

Answer 9

An enzyme is only able to work on a paticular substrate, the substrate has to be the right shape

Question 10

Enzymes work best at a paticular temperature and pH level - what is this called

Answer 10

The optimum

Question 11

What happen when there are any changes away from the ‘optimum’

Answer 11

This will overall slow down the reaction

Question 12

Why is enzyme activity affected by temperature?

Answer 12

At low temperatures, molecules are moving very slowly so the enzyme and substrate are less likely to collide

Question 13

Why is enzyme activity affected by pH levels?

Answer 13

At very high or low pH levels the enzyme active site can change shape, meaning the substrate cannot fit - slowing down the reaction

Question 14

What is it called when the enzyme active site changes shape?

Answer 14

Denaturing

Question 15

How do you calculate the temperature coefficient, called Q10 (how temperature alters the rate of reaction)

Answer 15

Q10= rate at higher temperature/rate at lower temperature

Question 16

Mutations may occur spontaneously, but how can they be made to occur more often?

Answer 16

By radiation or chemicals

Question 17

When they occur mutations:

Answer 17

• may lead to the production of different proteins
• are often harmful but may have no effect
• occasionally they may give the individual an advantage

Question 18

Although every cell in the body has the same genes is does not mean all the same____are made

Answer 18

•proteins

Question 19

Why may different proteins be made despite the cells having the same genes

Answer 19

Different genes are switched off in different cells

Question 20

What does different cells producing different proteins mean?

Answer 20

They can perform different functions

Question 21

What do gene mutations do to the production of protein that is normally made and why

Answer 21

Alter or prevent it as gene mutations change the base code of DNA and so change the order of amino acids in the protein

Question 22

What are proteins made of?

Answer 22

Long chains of amino acids joined together