proteins and enzymes + dna and anticancer drugs

Question 1

what are proteins

Answer 1

sequences of amino acids joined by peptide links

Question 2

primary structure of proteins held by

Answer 2

covalent bonds

Question 3

secondary structure of proteins held by

Answer 3

hydrogen bodns

Question 4

tertiary structure of proteins held by

Answer 4

hydrogen/ ionic attractions btwn COO- and NH3+/ disulphide bonds

Question 5

secondary structure

Answer 5

amino acid chain twisted into alpha helix/ b pleated sheet

Question 6

tertiary structure

Answer 6

more than 1 alpha helix/ beta sheet

Question 7

amino acids can be separated and idenified by

Answer 7

thin layer chromatography - stained using ninhydrin or uv light

Question 8

enzymes are

Answer 8

proteins/ biological catalysts/ have a stereospecific active site (specific to isomers where they pick 1enantiomer over another) that binds to substrate

Question 9

drug action with enzymes ?

Answer 9

blocks the acttive sitte so drug inhibits enzymes

Question 10

enzymes are made of

Answer 10

amino acids so they have a chiral centre meaning only 1 enantiomer in substrate can fit into active site - A.S = stereospecific

Question 11

dna is

Answer 11

POLYMER made up of monomers = nucleotides linked by covalent bonds btwn phosphate + deoxyribose (sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate..)

Question 12

sugar phosphate backbone is formed via..

Answer 12

condensation polymerisation

Question 13

what is cisplatin

Answer 13

anticancer drug thats square planar complex - 2 ammonia ligans and 2 chloride ion ligands

Question 14

wha does cisplatin bind to

Answer 14

dna of cancer cells
- Cl- on cisplatin really easy to displace and detach so Pt can bind to N atoms in guanine base
- distorts dna strand so dna cant unwind and be copied- prevents dna replication

Question 15

why is cisplatin also bad

Answer 15

prevents healthy cells from reproducing e.g. suppress immune system/ increase risk of infection/kidney damage/ prevent hair cell regeneration

Question 16

how to reduce side effects of cisplatin

Answer 16

give lower doses + more targested delivsery to reduce attack of helahy cells