Acylation/Esters/polymers/amino Acids

Question 1

what molecules does acid anhydride /chloride

Answer 1

acid anhydride / chloride reacting with water / nh3/ alcohol / primary amine

Question 2

what mechanism is acylation

Answer 2

addition elimination

Question 3

what is acylation useful in

Answer 3

organic synthesis

Question 4

how are esters produced

Answer 4

Carobiyxlic acid and alcohol makes ester and water using conc acid

Question 5

ester hydrolysis

Answer 5

ester and water —> Via conc acid carboxylic acid and alcohol

Question 6

what’s saponification

Answer 6

Ester and NaOH~~> carboxylic acid salt and alcohol (R-COO- Na+)

Question 7

uses of esters

Answer 7

natural and artificial flavourings
Perfumes
Plasticisers
Solvents

Question 8

water and ethanoyl chloride

Answer 8

carboxylic acid

Question 9

alcohol and ethanoyl chloride

Answer 9

ester

Question 10

ammonia and ethanoyl chloride

Answer 10

Ethanamide

Question 11

amines and ethanoyl chloride

Answer 11

Ethanamide

Question 12

ehtanoic anhydride and water

Answer 12

carboxylic acid

Question 13

ammonia and ethanoic anhydride

Answer 13

amide

Question 14

amines and ethanoic anhydride

Answer 14

nothing

Question 15

comparison of ethanol chloride and ethanoic anhydride

Answer 15

ethanol chloride is
V exothermic
Crrosive gas hcl forms / ethanoic- safer product ch3cooh
More expensive
Faster rate and higher yield

Question 16

How to form amide

Answer 16

carboxylic acid and amine (product is water and amide)

Question 17

what are examples of condensation polymerisation

Answer 17

Forming polyesters and polyamides

Question 18

condensation polymerisation vs additional polymerisation

Answer 18

Condensation
1. Formation of long chain molecules from lots of small molecules joined together with another small molecule formed as product (h2o)
-you need each molecule to have 2functional groups on both sides /if same functional group then don’t attack each other
2. Biodegradable due to polar bonds so attacked by nucleophiles
Addition
Formation of long chain molecule from lots of small molecules with no other products formed.
-monomer is alkene
-not biodegradable due to strong c-c bonds in chain non polar so not attacked by nucelophiles or acids

Question 19

Repeating unit structure

Answer 19

Ends hanging

Question 20

Polymer structure

Answer 20

Brackets and n

Question 21

Polyamide how to form

Answer 21

Dicarboxylic +diamine

Question 22

Polyamide examples and bonding

Answer 22

Kevlar and. Nylon-6,6 which have hydrogen bonds btwn the chains

Question 23

Polyesters how to form

Answer 23

Dicarboxylic acid and diol

Question 24

Examples of polyesters and bonding

Answer 24

Terylene - dipole dipole

Question 25

all amino acids are….

Answer 25

chiral (4diff groups surrounding carbon )except glycine which has H instead of R group

Question 26

what’s a zwitter ion

Answer 26

Compound with no overall electrical charge but contains separate parts +ve and -ve charged

Question 27

draw aa and neutral, low, high pH

Answer 27

….

Question 28

reactions of aa

Answer 28

1. Esterification with alcohols using small amount of conc h2so4
2. Nuckeoohilic substitutation with xs haloalkane
3. Acylation with acyl chloride (addition elimination)

Question 29

aa are amphoteric how

Answer 29

2 functional groups cooh and amino
nh2 allows it to act as a base and cooh allows it to aacts as an acid

Question 30

“nucleophilic addition examples

Answer 30

reduction of aldehydes into primary alcohols and reduction of ketones into secondary alscohols using NaBH4 in aqueous solution

Question 31

what is the isoelectric point

Answer 31

pH where average overall charge= 0 which is dependant on the R group

Question 32

where do zwitterions exist on aa

Answer 32

Ioselectric point

Question 33

at low pH

Answer 33

pH is lower than isoelectric point so COO- likely to accept H+