proteins and enzymes chem path Flashcards
whats the difference between serum and plasma
plasma is the fluid component of blood in ones circulation, to preserve this we use anticoagulants
seruum is produced when the plasma is removed without adding anticoagulants.
what enzyme has the most diagnostic value for diagnosis of a myocardial infarction
troponin T tests
what is an isoenzyme
structural variants of an enzyme which catalyse the same chemical reaction, but may be produced by different cells in different tissues or organs
whats an example of an isoenzyme
creatine kinase. this enzyme catalyses the phosphorylation of creatine, storing energy from ATP as phosphocreatine. creatine kinase has no function in the plasma hence its a good indicator of specific cell damages.
CK-MM is an isoenzyme in skeletal muscle
CK-BB is an isoenzyme in brain tissue
CK-MV is an isoenzyme in heart tissue.
what are the proteins in the alpha globulins bands
alpha 1 and alpha 2, proteins like alpha 1 antitrypsin, alpha 2 macroglobulin and haptoglobin
what are the proteins in the beta globulins band of electrophoresis
beta one and beta two bands exist, they can be merged as a single band. proteins like transferrin, plasminogen, IgA, beta lipoprotein.
what are the proteins in the gamma globulin band of electrophoresis
mostly immunoglobulin such as IgG and IgM
what is protein electrophoresis
a separation of proteins into major bands. done based on their net charge in the ph buffer. separation is mostly dependant on the amino acid sequence of the proteins.
what do the width and the height of the band on the electrophoresis tell us
the wider the band the more heterogeneity in the region.
the height is the quantity of the proteins in that region
why might we see changes in the size of the albumin peak
reduction may indicate loss or some kind of reduced production
increase may indicate haemoconcentration - dehydration
why might we see a change in the spike for alpha 1 globulins
decrease in size may indicate A1AT deficiency which can lead to emphysema
increase of A1AT may occur during inflammatory state
why might we see a change in the alpha 2 spike
increased alpha 2 may occur duing inflammation, it macroglobulin may be accumulating in nephrotic syndrome
decrease in beta 2 could be haemolysis.
why might we see a peak in the beta 1 area
increase might be increased transferrin
why might we see changes in the gamma peak on electrophoresis
increase is hypergammaglobulinaemia
decrease indicates hypogammaglobulinaemia
