pneumonia

Question 1

what is pneumonia

Answer 1

this is infection of the lung tissue

Question 2

what are the two normal pneumonia anatomical classifications

Answer 2

lobar pneumonia - whole lung
bronchopneumonia - spread to adjacent lung lobes in a patchy manner not confined

Question 3

what other classifications exist for pneumonia

Answer 3

classification by etiological agent
classification by clinical setting it was acquired

Question 4

what is community acquired pneumonia

Answer 4

gotten in the community,
often follows un upper respiratory tract viral infection
commonly caused by streptococcus pneumoniae. can be brochopneumonia or lobar pneumonia

Question 5

what are the four stages of lobar pneumonia

Answer 5

1: congestion - the vasodilation of alveolar capillaries and fibrin rich exudate into the alveoli
2: red hepatisation - the congestion is still present and neutrophils start to invade the alveolar space. making the spaces solid. has the consistency of lung tissue hence hepatitisation
3: grey hepatisation, neutrophil infiltrate is replaced by macrophages and the congestion subsides so it is called grey hepatisation
4: resolution - enzymatic digestion of the exudate occurs. and its cleared

Question 6

whats the appearance of bronchopneumonia

Answer 6

the foci of inflammation are patchy and centered around the bronchi. bronchocentric. the infection then spreads this way to other tissues

Question 7

what type of pneumonia do viruses produce

Answer 7

atypical pneumonia where exudate is mainly in the alveolar walls. mononuclear cells
also atypical cells as they are viruses or bacteria that cant be detected on gram stain

Question 8

whats a complication of viral pneumonia

Answer 8

acute respiratory distress syndrome
initiated by injury of pneumocytes and endothelial cell activation leading to increased increased capillary permeability and fibrin rich exudate fills the alveoli.
The protein-rich edema fluid together with the necrotic
epithelial cells form a hyaline (glassy, pink) membrane against
alveolar walls;

Question 9

common cause of pneumonia in immuno comprimised cells

Answer 9

Pneumocystis jirovecii and AIDS

Question 10

tell me about how pneumocystis pneumonia works

Answer 10

risk of infection is inversely proportional to CD4+ T cell count
causes an interstitial type of pneumonia similar to that of atypical pneumonia where mononuclear infiltrate is in the walls.

Question 11

whats the kind of hallmark of pneumocystis pneumonia

Answer 11

the fungus kills the type-2 pneumocytes this combined with the surfactant results in a foamy cotton candy exudate in the alveolar spaces

Question 12

microscopic appearance of Pneumocystis jiroveci Fungus

Answer 12

silver stain of the foamy exudate in the alveoli shows the round and cup-shaped fungal cysts