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Biology Term 1 > Proteins And Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Proteins And Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A

Compounds made of oxygen, carbon and hydrogen

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2
Q

What are the 3 uses of carbohydrates?

A

1) source of energy
2) storage of energy
3)structural function - cellulose in cell walls to add structure and rigidity

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3
Q

What is the general formula for monosaccharides?

A

(CH20)n

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4
Q

What type of molecule is a protein?

A

Macromolecule

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5
Q

What differs in amino acids structures?

A

A side group -“R” group

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6
Q

By what reaction is a dipeptide formed?

A

A condensation reaction

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7
Q

What two atoms on successive amino acids does a peptide form between?

A

C-atom on one and N-atom on another

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8
Q

What is collagen an example of?

A

A fibrous protein

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9
Q

What are fibrous proteins’ function and how are their structures fit for this?

A

Structural functions - chains run parallel to one another so cross bridges form, keeping a very stable structuee

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10
Q

What type of protein is enzymes and haemoglobin an example of?

A

Globular proteins

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11
Q

What are globular proteins’ function?

A

Metabolic functions

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12
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

The sequence of amino acids with polypeptide bonds (determined by DNA)

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13
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

The curling or folding of a polypeptide chain due to hydrogen bonding - making a 3D shape

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14
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

The twisting and folding of a polypeptide chain, making a more specific 3D structure due to disulfide, hydrogen and ionic bonds

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15
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

Multiple polypeptide chains with prosthetic (non-protein) groups added in

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16
Q

What provides indirect evidence for evolution?

A

The same 20 amino acids occur in all living organisms - all came from same DNA

17
Q

What is the test for peptide bonds?

A

Biuret test

18
Q

What do you add to the sample and what is a positive/ negative result for peptide bonds?

A

NaOH(aq) and CuSO4 (aq) at room temp.
Positive = purple
Negative = blue

19
Q

What are the two secondary structures of a protein?

A

Alpha helix, Beta pleated sheets

20
Q

What is the structure of the alpha helix?

A

A stable coil with hydrogen bonds keeping it stable

21
Q

What is the structure of Beta pleated sheets?

A

Chains folding over themselves into Zig-Zag structure

22
Q

What are the 2 noticeable properties of monosaccharides? ( AKA sugars)

A

They are soluble and sweet

23
Q

What are the three most important hexose monosaccharides?

A

-Glucose
-Fructose
-Galactose

24
Q

What are the 3 adapted properties of glucose?

A

-small - so easily transported in and out of cells through carrier proteins
-Soluble - easily transported around an organism
-Less reactive - breakdown must be catalysed and so controlled by enzymes

25
Q

What are isomers?

A

Molecules that have the same chemical formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space

26
Q

How do alpha-glucose and beta-glucose differ?

A

-alpha has both hydroxy groups on the bottom
-beta has one hydroxyl group on top and one on the bottom

27
Q

What 2 important biological molecules is ribose found in?

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and ATP

28
Q

What are the names of carbohydrates from 3 carbons to 6 carbons?

A

3C- triose
4C- tetrase
5C- pentose
6C- hexose

29
Q

What shows that all life is descended from one common ancestor? (AKA carbon chemistry)

A

All living things are based around carbon

30
Q

What is a glycosidic bond?

A

The bond between 2 sugar molecules in disaccharides and polysaccharides

31
Q

What is the test for reducing sugars?

A

Add Benedict’s reagent

32
Q

What does it mean if a monosaccharide or disaccharide is a reducing sugar?

A

They can donate an electron to another chemical.

33
Q

What is the positive result for a reducing sugar?

A

Brick red precipitate

34
Q

What is the structure of starch?

A

It is in long, branched chains

35
Q

What is starch made up of and how does this help it’s function?

A

Hundreds of glucose monomers - good as it is a storage molecule

36
Q

What is the structure of cellulose?

A

Long, unbranched and straight chains

37
Q

What properties of its intermolecular forces makes cellulose a good structural molecule?

A

Has weak however numerous unbranched hydrogen bonds

38
Q

What is cellulose grouped together in?

A

Microfibrils

39
Q

Does glycogen have the same properties as starch?

A

Yes

Biology Term 1 (6 decks)

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