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Biology Term 1 > ATP > Flashcards

ATP Flashcards

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1
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate.

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2
Q

What type of molecule is ATP?

A

A phosphorylated macromolecule

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3
Q

What 3 parts is ATP made up of?

A

Adenine - nitrogen containing organic base
Ribose - 5-carbon ring structure that acts as backbone
Phosphates - a chain of 3 phosphates

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4
Q

Is adenosine Triphosphate a nucleotide?

A

Yes

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5
Q

What feature of the ATP gives it its ability to storing energy?

A

The 3 phosphate groups

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6
Q

Why do the bonds between the phosphate groups have a low activation energy - and so easily broken?

A

They are unstable

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7
Q

What happens when the bonds between the phosphate groups break?

A

Considerable amounts of energy are released.

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8
Q

In living cells, which phosphate is removed?

A

The terminal one.

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9
Q

What is the equation for the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

ATP + Water —> ADP + Pi + Energy

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10
Q

What is ADP?

A

Adenosine diphosphate

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11
Q

What does Pi stand for?

A

An inorganic phosphate (removed from the 3 groups)

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12
Q

What enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

ATP hydrolase

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13
Q

Is the conversion of ATP to ADP a reversible reaction?

A

Yes

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14
Q

How does the nature of the reaction for the hydrolysis of ATP mean it can be reformed?

A

Reversible - so Pi can be added to ADP to reform ATP (the reverse of the equation)

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15
Q

What enzyme catalyses the reformation of ATP?

A

ATP synthase

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16
Q

What type of reaction is the formation of ATP?

A

Condensation

17
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

The addition of a phosphate Molecule (to ADP)

18
Q

What 3 ways does phosphorylation occur?

A

-Photophosphorylation
-Oxidative phosphorylation
-Substrate level phosphorylation

19
Q

Where does photophosphorylation occur?

A

In chlorophyll-containing plant cells during photosynthesis

20
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

In plant and animal cells during respiration

21
Q

Where does substrate level phosphorylation occur?

A

In plant and animal cells when phosphate groups are transferred from donor molecules to ADP

22
Q

Why is ATP an immediate energy source and not a long term energy store?

A

Very unstable bonds - fats and carbohydrates are used instead

23
Q

How come cells do not store large quantities of ATP?

A

ATP is rapidly reformed from ADP and Pi, so a few seconds’ supply supplies a lot more

24
Q

Why is glucose not an ideal energy source for immediate supply?

A

-less energy released from ATP so is more manageable quantity than glucose

-hydrolysis of ATP is a single reaction whereas breakdown of glucose is a series of reactions so takes longer

25
Q

Why does ATP need to be continuously made within the mitochondria of the cells that need it?

A

It cannot be stored

26
Q

What two types of cells possess many mitochondria and why?

A

Muscle and epithelial cells - require energy for movement and active transport respectively

27
Q

How is ATP used for metabolic processes?

A

Provides the energy needed to build up macromolecules from their basic units (E.G. making starch from glucose)

28
Q

How is ATP used for movement?

A

Provides the energy for muscle contraction - in particular for the filaments of the muscle to slide past one another and therefore overall shorten the muscle fibre.

29
Q

How is ATP used for active transport?

A

Provides the energy to change the shape of carrier proteins in plasma membranes - allows ions/molecules to be moved against a concentration gradient.

30
Q

How does ATP help with secretion?

A

It is needed to form the lysosomes necessary for the secretion of cell products.

31
Q

How is ATP used for the activation of molecules?

A

The Pi which is released during hydrolysis can be used to phosphorylate other compounds in order to make them more reactive and lowering the activation energy in enzyme - catalysed reactions.

32
Q

What is an example of adding Pi to a molecule to make it more reactive?

A

Addition Pi to glucose molecules at the start of glycolysis

Biology Term 1 (6 decks)

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