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CC LEC 1 MIDTERMS > PROTEINS > Flashcards

PROTEINS Flashcards

1
Q

Made up of several unbranched chains of amino acids

A

PROTEINS

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2
Q

Protien structure begins with the __ where we can see the polypeptide chain or the amino acid chain

A

primary structure

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3
Q

Covalently linked polymers of amino acids

A

proteins

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4
Q

___ group of one amino acid combines with the __ group of another amino acid

A

Carboxyl; amino

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5
Q

__ is removed from the moment there is formation of peptide bond

A

Water

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6
Q

Bond between one amino acid that links to another amino acid is what we call the __

A

peptide bond

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6
Q

TERTIARY STRUCTURE is a secondary structure folded into a ___

A

three-dimensional form

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7
Q

Different amino acids compose a specific protein in a linear manner.
It represents the number and types of amino acids in the specific amino acid sequence.

A

PRIMARY STRUCTURE

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7
Q

It is a folded primary structure
The peptide chains are folded regularly and that is the time where there is a formation of α-helix and β-pleated sheets.

A

SECONDARY STRUCTURE

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7
Q

carboxyl group free

A

C-terminal end

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8
Q

amino group free

A

N-terminal end

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9
Q

In peptide bonds, two Hydrogen atoms from the __ group and one Oxygen atom from the __ group

A

amino; carboxyl

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10
Q

Tertiary structures are __

A

polypeptides

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11
Q

A combined tertiary structures or combined polypeptides.
It is the shape or structure that results from the interaction of more than one protein molecule, or protein subunits.

A

QUATERNARY STRUCTURE

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11
Q

Where protein synthesis begins

A

Transcription

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12
Q

Genes encoded in the DNA are used to produce pre-mRNA which undergoes processes such as splicing, to produce the mRNA

A

Transcription

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13
Q

mRNA is partnered with an anticodon with the help of the ribosomal complex.
Once it is done, the formed polypeptide will undergo folding and may bind with other polypeptides to form a finished protein.

A

Translation

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14
Q

Proteins that are purely made up of amino acids.
If hydrolyzed, you will definitely acquire only amino acids

A

Simple

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15
Q

protein group of a conjugated protein

A

apoprotein

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15
Q

classification of proteins based on composition:

A

simple and conjugated

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15
Q

nonprotein group of a conjugated protein

A

moiety (prosthetic group)

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15
Q

Not entirely made up of amino acids.
If hydrolyzed, you will not only acquire amino acids, but you can also acquire non protein moieties.

A

Conjugated

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15
Q

It can catalyze chemical reactions.

A

Enzymes

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15
Q

Identify the prostethic group:
__ (lipoprotein)
__ (glycoprotein)
__ (hemoglobin)
__ (ceruloplasmin)

A

Lipids
CHO
Porphyrins
Metals

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15
Q

It can control the action of specific cells or organs.

A

Hormones

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16
Q

Generally gives us protection against foreign objects.

A

Immunoglobulins (antibodies)

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16
Q

It can move substances inside our body.

A

Transport proteins

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16
Q

Proteins that are the integral components of the cells and tissue.

A

Structural proteins

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17
Q

Proteins act as reserves/reservoirs

A

Storage proteins

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17
Q

If classified, It means that the protein is capable of affecting the distribution of water in the body

A

Osmotic force

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18
Q

An example would be, protein as clotting factor (fibrinogen)

A

Blood coagulation

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19
Q

Two (2) Main Groups of plasma proteins:

A

Albumin
Globulins

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19
Q

Five Fractions are the results of your plasma being done on the ___ (migration of proteins in the electrophoresis)

A

electrophoresis

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20
Q

5 fractions of proteins:

A

Albumin
alpha 1-globulin
alpha 2-globulin
beta-globulin
gamma-globulin

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21
Q

3 types of alpha 1-globulin:

A

alpha 1-fetoprotein
alpha-antitrypsin
HDL

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22
Q

3 types of alpha 2-globulin:

A

haptoglobin
ceruloplasmin
alpha-macroglobulin

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23
Q

2 types of beta-globulins:

A

transferrin
c-reactive protein

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24
Q

a type of gamma-globulin

A

immunoglobulin

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25
Q

Not considered as a main fraction, but can still be seen in the electrophoresis.
Migrates ahead of albumin.

A

PREALBUMIN

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26
Q

other name of prealbumin

A

transthyretin

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27
Q

Prealbumin is the transport protein of __ and ___

A

thyroid hormones; vitamin A

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28
Q

Prealbumin binds with ___ to form a complex that transports retinol (vitamin A)

A

retinol-binding protein

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29
Q

pre-albumin is rich in what type of protein?

A

Rich in tryptophan

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30
Q

Implications for ___, patient could be sufferings from;
Hepatic damage
Acute phase inflammatory response
Tissue necrosis

A

decreased prealbumin

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30
Q

Sensitive marker of poor protein nutritional status

A

decreased prealbumin

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30
Q

Malnutrition, hunger, or deficit food intake will greatly affect the result in prealbumin as its half-life is only __

A

2 - 4 days

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31
Q

function of albumin which means it maintain/regulate appropriate fluid balance in the body

A

Responsible for colloid osmotic pressure

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31
Q

INCREASED PREALBUMIN
Implications for increased prealbumin, patient could be:

A

Under steroids
Alcoholic
Chronic renal failure

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32
Q

Present in highest concentration

A

ALBUMIN

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33
Q

function of albumin which means the Rate of movement of the albumin leaving the blood circulation

A

Transcapillary escape rate

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34
Q

function of albumin which means it is capable of binding to thyroid hormones, unconjugated bilirubin, and ions like calcium, magnesium, etc.

A

Bind to various substances

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35
Q

Implications of hypoalbuminemia

A

Malnutrition
Liver disease
Gastrointestinal loss
Loss in the urine in renal disease

36
Q

Because of the decreased water in the blood circulation, a ___ in the albumin appears.

A

relative increase

36
Q

Hyperalbuminemia is seen in?

A

dehydration

36
Q

effect of Severe, degenerative, emphysematous pulmonary disease

A

decreased ALPHA 1 - ANTITRYPSIN

36
Q

__ will increased albumin levels back to normal

A

Fluid administration

36
Q

Genetic in origin resulting from an autosomal recessive trait
Condition of having two types of serum albumin that differ in mobility during electrophoresis

A

Bisalbuminemia

36
Q

Its concentration will change in response to inflammation, usually in an increased levels

A

Acute-phase reactant

37
Q

Absence of albumin

A

Analbuminemia

37
Q

Neutralize trypsin-like enzyme that can cause hydrolytic damage to structural protein

A

ALPHA 1 - ANTITRYPSIN

37
Q

implications of increased ALPHA 1 - ANTITRYPSIN

A

inflammation
pregnancy
contraceptive use

38
Q

protein is the one that majorly comprises the Alpha-1 fraction

A

ALPHA 1 - ANTITRYPSIN

39
Q

ALPHA 1 - FETOPROTEIN is synthesized initially by the ___ and then by the ___

A

fetal yolk sac; parenchymal cells of the liver

39
Q

ALPHA 1 - FETOPROTEIN levels ___ after birth because it has no known function in adults
Peak: __ weeks’ gestation
Recede: __ week’s gestation

A

recedes; 13; 34

39
Q

Elevated Alpha 1-Fetoprotein can indicate:

A
  1. Spina bifida and neural tube defects
  2. Atresia of the gastrointestinal tract
  3. Fetal distress
  4. Ataxia-telangiectasia
    5.Tyrosinosis
  5. Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
40
Q

ALPHA 1 - FETOPROTEIN tumor marker for adults:

A

hepatocellular carcinoma and gonadal tumors

40
Q

Can pass across the placenta and an increase in __, specially in a mother’s serum sample, can indicate that the fetus has a defect or problem

A

ALPHA 1 - FETOPROTEIN

41
Q

ALPHA 1 - ACID GLYCOPROTEIN is also called as?

A

orosomucoid

41
Q

Formation of certain membranes and fibers in association with collagen.
Acute phase reactant
Clinically significant only when elevated.

A

ALPHA 1 - ACID GLYCOPROTEIN

42
Q

___ is increased in: Inflammation, stress, Acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
Cancer, Surgery
Pneumonia
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

A

ALPHA 1 - ACID GLYCOPROTEIN

43
Q

Serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin)
Inhibits some enzymes (cathepsin G,pancreatic elastase, mast cell chymase, and chymotrypsin)
Acute phase reactant

A

ALPHA 1 - ANTICHYMOTRYPSIN

44
Q

Increased:
Inflammation
Deficiency:
Associated with asthma and liver disease

A

ALPHA 1 - ANTICHYMOTRYPSIN

44
Q

Gc-GLOBULIN Group-specific Component is also known as?

A

Vitamin D-binding protein

44
Q

Increased:
3rd trimester of pregnancy
Patients taking oral contraceptives

A

Gc-GLOBULIN

45
Q

decreased in Liver diseases and protein-losing syndromes

A

Gc-GLOBULIN

46
Q

An alpha2-glycoprotein

A

HAPTOGLOBIN

47
Q

HAPTOGLOBIN is Synthesized by the __ and __

A

liver and Reticuloendothelial system (RES)

47
Q

A tetramer (contains 2 alpha and 2 beta chains)
Bind free hemoglobin by its alpha-chain

A

HAPTOGLOBIN

48
Q

testing of this protein helps in detection and evaluation of hemolytic anemia

A

HAPTOGLOBIN

49
Q

____ is seen in Inflammation
Burns
Nephrotic syndrome

A

increased haptoglobin

50
Q

decreased haptoglobin is seen in?

A

hemolytic anemia

51
Q

Example of a conjugated protein
Copper-containing, alpha2-glycoprotein
Acute phase reactant

A

CERULOPLASMIN

51
Q

Majority of total serum __ is bounded to your ceruloplasmin

A

copper

52
Q

___ is seen inflammation, infection, tissue damage, pregnancy

A

increased ceruloplasmin

52
Q

Decrease in level of ceruloplasmin due to excess storage of copper

A

Wilson’s disease

53
Q

dark rings that appear to encircle the iris of the eye. They are due to copper deposition.

A

Kayser-Fleischer Ring

54
Q

Problem with absorption of copper

A

Menke’s syndrome (kinky hair disease)

55
Q

Comprise the majority of Alpha2-globulin fraction

A

ALPHA 2- MACROGLOBULIN

55
Q

Inhibits proteases (trypsin, thrombin, plasmin)

A

ALPHA 2- MACROGLOBULIN

56
Q

Slightly increased:
Pregnancy and contraceptive drugs
Increased:
Nephrosis, Diabetes, Liver diseases

A

ALPHA 2- MACROGLOBULIN

57
Q

Majority of beta-globulin fraction is __

A

transferrin

58
Q

transferrin is also known as __

A

siderophilin

59
Q

One transferrin molecule can carry ___ ferric iron (Fe3+)

A

2

59
Q

Transports iron, can carry it to cells and prevents loss of iron through the kidney.
Can also carry iron to cells especially to cells in bone marrow to synthesize hemoglobin

A

transferrin

60
Q

increased transferrin is seen in?

A

Microcytic, hypochromic anemia

61
Q

Decreased:
Malnutrition, Nephrotic syndrome, Inflammation

A

transferrin

62
Q

___ is seen in:
Diabetes mellitus, Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy, Administration of diphenylhydantoin, Inflammation

A

increased hemopexin

62
Q

condition wherein there is an absence of transferrin due to autosomal recessive genetic defect.

A

ATRANSFERRINEMIA

62
Q

Removes circulating heme

A

HEMOPEXIN

62
Q

hemopexin is decreased in?

A

Hemolytic anemia

63
Q

f the patient has atransferrinemia, expect na may anemia ang patient and there is ___ (deposits of iron sa heart and liver)

A

hemosiderosis

64
Q

__ hemopexin molecule per __ heme

A

1 per 1

64
Q

Transport cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids

A

LIPOPROTEINS

64
Q

Light chain component of the major histocompatibility complex (HLA)
Found in surface of most nucleated cells

A

BETA-2 MICROGLOBULIN

65
Q

Increased:
Impaired kidney clearance
Overproduction of acute-phase reactants

A

BETA-2 MICROGLOBULIN

65
Q

Beta 2-microglobulin Present in high concentrations in ___

A

lymphocytes

65
Q

Collective term for several proteins that participate in the immune reaction
Link to inflammatory response

A

complement

66
Q

Among the complements, __ is the most abundant, followed by __

A

C3, C4

67
Q

Increased:
Inflammatory states
Decreased:
Malnutrition, SLE; DIC

A

Complements

67
Q

C4 will decrease in cases of __

A

DIC (Disseminated intravascular coagulation)

67
Q

C3 can be decreased in autoimmune diseases such as __

A

SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)

68
Q

FIBRINOGEN is not seen in the __

A

serum

68
Q

Clotting factor I
Form a fibrin clot when activated by thrombin (Factor II)

A

FIBRINOGEN

69
Q

Increased:
Pregnancy
Use of birth control pills

Decreased:
Extensive coagulation

A

fibrinogen

70
Q

In electrophoresis, in the case of fibrinogen, we will see it between the ___ region

A

beta and gamma globulin

70
Q

Appears in blood of patients with diverse inflammatory disease
Acute-phase reactant

A

C-REACTIVE PROTEIN

70
Q

precipitates in the c-polysaccharide of pneuomcocci

A

C-REACTIVE PROTEIN

71
Q

__ is seen in Tissue necrosis
Pneumococcal infections

A

increased C-REACTIVE PROTEIN

72
Q

IMMUNOGLOBULIN is synthesized in ___

A

plasma cells

72
Q

A heme found in striated muscles
Can reversibly bind oxygen but requires a very low oxygen tension to release the bound oxygen

A

MYOGLOBIN

73
Q

Synthesis is stimulated by an immune response to foreign bodies

A

IMMUNOGLOBULIN

74
Q

MYOGLOBIN is increased in?

A

Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

75
Q

Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) increase within __ hours of onset and reaches peak concentration in __ hours

A

1-3 hours of onset and reaches peak concentration in 5-12 hours

76
Q

types of troponin that are the gold standards to diagnose Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

A

Trop T and Trop I

76
Q

Gold standard for cardiac marker

A

TROPONIN

77
Q

Regulate muscle contraction

A

troponin

77
Q

Decreased:
protein levels
Caused by renal disease or gastrointestinal leaks
Caused by internal bleeding
Malnutrition - lack of protein intake

A

Hypoproteinemia

77
Q

Not clinically significant. Increase of proteins is only relative due to dehydration

A

Hyperproteinemia

77
Q

In serious aspect, proteins relatively increased because of the ___

A

increased synthesis of your gamma-globulins or multiple myeloma

CC LEC 1 MIDTERMS (3 decks)

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