PROTEINS Flashcards
1
Q
Made up of several unbranched chains of amino acids
A
PROTEINS
2
Q
Protien structure begins with the __ where we can see the polypeptide chain or the amino acid chain
A
primary structure
3
Q
Covalently linked polymers of amino acids
A
proteins
4
Q
___ group of one amino acid combines with the __ group of another amino acid
A
Carboxyl; amino
5
Q
__ is removed from the moment there is formation of peptide bond
A
Water
6
Q
Bond between one amino acid that links to another amino acid is what we call the __
A
peptide bond
6
Q
TERTIARY STRUCTURE is a secondary structure folded into a ___
A
three-dimensional form
7
Q
Different amino acids compose a specific protein in a linear manner.
It represents the number and types of amino acids in the specific amino acid sequence.
A
PRIMARY STRUCTURE
7
Q
It is a folded primary structure
The peptide chains are folded regularly and that is the time where there is a formation of α-helix and β-pleated sheets.
A
SECONDARY STRUCTURE
7
Q
carboxyl group free
A
C-terminal end
8
Q
amino group free
A
N-terminal end
9
Q
In peptide bonds, two Hydrogen atoms from the __ group and one Oxygen atom from the __ group
A
amino; carboxyl
10
Q
Tertiary structures are __
A
polypeptides
11
Q
A combined tertiary structures or combined polypeptides.
It is the shape or structure that results from the interaction of more than one protein molecule, or protein subunits.
A
QUATERNARY STRUCTURE
11
Q
Where protein synthesis begins
A
Transcription
12
Q
Genes encoded in the DNA are used to produce pre-mRNA which undergoes processes such as splicing, to produce the mRNA
A
Transcription
13
Q
mRNA is partnered with an anticodon with the help of the ribosomal complex.
Once it is done, the formed polypeptide will undergo folding and may bind with other polypeptides to form a finished protein.
A
Translation
14
Q
Proteins that are purely made up of amino acids.
If hydrolyzed, you will definitely acquire only amino acids
A
Simple
15
Q
protein group of a conjugated protein
A
apoprotein
15
Q
classification of proteins based on composition:
A
simple and conjugated
15
Q
nonprotein group of a conjugated protein
A
moiety (prosthetic group)
15
Q
Not entirely made up of amino acids.
If hydrolyzed, you will not only acquire amino acids, but you can also acquire non protein moieties.
A
Conjugated
15
Q
It can catalyze chemical reactions.
A
Enzymes
15
Q
Identify the prostethic group:
__ (lipoprotein)
__ (glycoprotein)
__ (hemoglobin)
__ (ceruloplasmin)
A
Lipids
CHO
Porphyrins
Metals
15
It can control the action of specific cells or organs.
Hormones
16
Generally gives us protection against foreign objects.
Immunoglobulins (antibodies)
16
It can move substances inside our body.
Transport proteins
16
Proteins that are the integral components of the cells and tissue.
Structural proteins
17
Proteins act as reserves/reservoirs
Storage proteins
17
If classified, It means that the protein is capable of affecting the distribution of water in the body
Osmotic force
18
An example would be, protein as clotting factor (fibrinogen)
Blood coagulation
19
Two (2) Main Groups of plasma proteins:
Albumin
Globulins
19
Five Fractions are the results of your plasma being done on the ___ (migration of proteins in the electrophoresis)
electrophoresis
20
5 fractions of proteins:
Albumin
alpha 1-globulin
alpha 2-globulin
beta-globulin
gamma-globulin
21
3 types of alpha 1-globulin:
alpha 1-fetoprotein
alpha-antitrypsin
HDL
22
3 types of alpha 2-globulin:
haptoglobin
ceruloplasmin
alpha-macroglobulin
23
2 types of beta-globulins:
transferrin
c-reactive protein
24
a type of gamma-globulin
immunoglobulin
25
Not considered as a main fraction, but can still be seen in the electrophoresis.
Migrates ahead of albumin.
PREALBUMIN
26
other name of prealbumin
transthyretin
27
Prealbumin is the transport protein of __ and ___
thyroid hormones; vitamin A
28
Prealbumin binds with ___ to form a complex that transports retinol (vitamin A)
retinol-binding protein
29
pre-albumin is rich in what type of protein?
Rich in tryptophan
30
Implications for ___, patient could be sufferings from;
Hepatic damage
Acute phase inflammatory response
Tissue necrosis
decreased prealbumin
30
Sensitive marker of poor protein nutritional status
decreased prealbumin
30
Malnutrition, hunger, or deficit food intake will greatly affect the result in prealbumin as its half-life is only __
2 - 4 days
31
function of albumin which means it maintain/regulate appropriate fluid balance in the body
Responsible for colloid osmotic pressure
31
INCREASED PREALBUMIN
Implications for increased prealbumin, patient could be:
Under steroids
Alcoholic
Chronic renal failure
32
Present in highest concentration
ALBUMIN
33
function of albumin which means the Rate of movement of the albumin leaving the blood circulation
Transcapillary escape rate
34
function of albumin which means it is capable of binding to thyroid hormones, unconjugated bilirubin, and ions like calcium, magnesium, etc.
Bind to various substances
35
Implications of hypoalbuminemia
Malnutrition
Liver disease
Gastrointestinal loss
Loss in the urine in renal disease
36
Because of the decreased water in the blood circulation, a ___ in the albumin appears.
relative increase
36
Hyperalbuminemia is seen in?
dehydration
36
effect of Severe, degenerative, emphysematous pulmonary disease
decreased ALPHA 1 - ANTITRYPSIN
36
__ will increased albumin levels back to normal
Fluid administration
36
Genetic in origin resulting from an autosomal recessive trait
Condition of having two types of serum albumin that differ in mobility during electrophoresis
Bisalbuminemia
36
Its concentration will change in response to inflammation, usually in an increased levels
Acute-phase reactant
37
Absence of albumin
Analbuminemia
37
Neutralize trypsin-like enzyme that can cause hydrolytic damage to structural protein
ALPHA 1 - ANTITRYPSIN
37
implications of increased ALPHA 1 - ANTITRYPSIN
inflammation
pregnancy
contraceptive use
38
protein is the one that majorly comprises the Alpha-1 fraction
ALPHA 1 - ANTITRYPSIN
39
ALPHA 1 - FETOPROTEIN is synthesized initially by the ___ and then by the ___
fetal yolk sac; parenchymal cells of the liver
39
ALPHA 1 - FETOPROTEIN levels ___ after birth because it has no known function in adults
Peak: __ weeks’ gestation
Recede: __ week’s gestation
recedes; 13; 34
39
Elevated Alpha 1-Fetoprotein can indicate:
1. Spina bifida and neural tube defects
2. Atresia of the gastrointestinal tract
3. Fetal distress
4. Ataxia-telangiectasia
5.Tyrosinosis
6. Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
40
ALPHA 1 - FETOPROTEIN tumor marker for adults:
hepatocellular carcinoma and gonadal tumors
40
Can pass across the placenta and an increase in __, specially in a mother’s serum sample, can indicate that the fetus has a defect or problem
ALPHA 1 - FETOPROTEIN
41
ALPHA 1 - ACID GLYCOPROTEIN is also called as?
orosomucoid
41
Formation of certain membranes and fibers in association with collagen.
Acute phase reactant
Clinically significant only when elevated.
ALPHA 1 - ACID GLYCOPROTEIN
42
___ is increased in: Inflammation, stress, Acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
Cancer, Surgery
Pneumonia
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
ALPHA 1 - ACID GLYCOPROTEIN
43
Serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin)
Inhibits some enzymes (cathepsin G,pancreatic elastase, mast cell chymase, and chymotrypsin)
Acute phase reactant
ALPHA 1 - ANTICHYMOTRYPSIN
44
Increased:
Inflammation
Deficiency:
Associated with asthma and liver disease
ALPHA 1 - ANTICHYMOTRYPSIN
44
Gc-GLOBULIN Group-specific Component is also known as?
Vitamin D-binding protein
44
Increased:
3rd trimester of pregnancy
Patients taking oral contraceptives
Gc-GLOBULIN
45
decreased in Liver diseases and protein-losing syndromes
Gc-GLOBULIN
46
An alpha2-glycoprotein
HAPTOGLOBIN
47
HAPTOGLOBIN is Synthesized by the __ and __
liver and Reticuloendothelial system (RES)
47
A tetramer (contains 2 alpha and 2 beta chains)
Bind free hemoglobin by its alpha-chain
HAPTOGLOBIN
48
testing of this protein helps in detection and evaluation of hemolytic anemia
HAPTOGLOBIN
49
____ is seen in Inflammation
Burns
Nephrotic syndrome
increased haptoglobin
50
decreased haptoglobin is seen in?
hemolytic anemia
51
Example of a conjugated protein
Copper-containing, alpha2-glycoprotein
Acute phase reactant
CERULOPLASMIN
51
Majority of total serum __ is bounded to your ceruloplasmin
copper
52
___ is seen inflammation, infection, tissue damage, pregnancy
increased ceruloplasmin
52
Decrease in level of ceruloplasmin due to excess storage of copper
Wilson’s disease
53
dark rings that appear to encircle the iris of the eye. They are due to copper deposition.
Kayser-Fleischer Ring
54
Problem with absorption of copper
Menke’s syndrome (kinky hair disease)
55
Comprise the majority of Alpha2-globulin fraction
ALPHA 2- MACROGLOBULIN
55
Inhibits proteases (trypsin, thrombin, plasmin)
ALPHA 2- MACROGLOBULIN
56
Slightly increased:
Pregnancy and contraceptive drugs
Increased:
Nephrosis, Diabetes, Liver diseases
ALPHA 2- MACROGLOBULIN
57
Majority of beta-globulin fraction is __
transferrin
58
transferrin is also known as __
siderophilin
59
One transferrin molecule can carry ___ ferric iron (Fe3+)
2
59
Transports iron, can carry it to cells and prevents loss of iron through the kidney.
Can also carry iron to cells especially to cells in bone marrow to synthesize hemoglobin
transferrin
60
increased transferrin is seen in?
Microcytic, hypochromic anemia
61
Decreased:
Malnutrition, Nephrotic syndrome, Inflammation
transferrin
62
___ is seen in:
Diabetes mellitus, Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy, Administration of diphenylhydantoin, Inflammation
increased hemopexin
62
condition wherein there is an absence of transferrin due to autosomal recessive genetic defect.
ATRANSFERRINEMIA
62
Removes circulating heme
HEMOPEXIN
62
hemopexin is decreased in?
Hemolytic anemia
63
f the patient has atransferrinemia, expect na may anemia ang patient and there is ___ (deposits of iron sa heart and liver)
hemosiderosis
64
__ hemopexin molecule per __ heme
1 per 1
64
Transport cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids
LIPOPROTEINS
64
Light chain component of the major histocompatibility complex (HLA)
Found in surface of most nucleated cells
BETA-2 MICROGLOBULIN
65
Increased:
Impaired kidney clearance
Overproduction of acute-phase reactants
BETA-2 MICROGLOBULIN
65
Beta 2-microglobulin Present in high concentrations in ___
lymphocytes
65
Collective term for several proteins that participate in the immune reaction
Link to inflammatory response
complement
66
Among the complements, __ is the most abundant, followed by __
C3, C4
67
Increased:
Inflammatory states
Decreased:
Malnutrition, SLE; DIC
Complements
67
C4 will decrease in cases of __
DIC (Disseminated intravascular coagulation)
67
C3 can be decreased in autoimmune diseases such as __
SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)
68
FIBRINOGEN is not seen in the __
serum
68
Clotting factor I
Form a fibrin clot when activated by thrombin (Factor II)
FIBRINOGEN
69
Increased:
Pregnancy
Use of birth control pills
Decreased:
Extensive coagulation
fibrinogen
70
In electrophoresis, in the case of fibrinogen, we will see it between the ___ region
beta and gamma globulin
70
Appears in blood of patients with diverse inflammatory disease
Acute-phase reactant
C-REACTIVE PROTEIN
70
precipitates in the c-polysaccharide of pneuomcocci
C-REACTIVE PROTEIN
71
__ is seen in Tissue necrosis
Pneumococcal infections
increased C-REACTIVE PROTEIN
72
IMMUNOGLOBULIN is synthesized in ___
plasma cells
72
A heme found in striated muscles
Can reversibly bind oxygen but requires a very low oxygen tension to release the bound oxygen
MYOGLOBIN
73
Synthesis is stimulated by an immune response to foreign bodies
IMMUNOGLOBULIN
74
MYOGLOBIN is increased in?
Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)
75
Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) increase within __ hours of onset and reaches peak concentration in __ hours
1-3 hours of onset and reaches peak concentration in 5-12 hours
76
types of troponin that are the gold standards to diagnose Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
Trop T and Trop I
76
Gold standard for cardiac marker
TROPONIN
77
Regulate muscle contraction
troponin
77
Decreased:
protein levels
Caused by renal disease or gastrointestinal leaks
Caused by internal bleeding
Malnutrition - lack of protein intake
Hypoproteinemia
77
Not clinically significant. Increase of proteins is only relative due to dehydration
Hyperproteinemia
77
In serious aspect, proteins relatively increased because of the ___
increased synthesis of your gamma-globulins or multiple myeloma
