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CC LEC 1 MIDTERMS > LIPIDS PART 2 > Flashcards

LIPIDS PART 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Small biomolecules containing at least one amino
group and one carboxyl group bonded to the
alpha-carbon

A

amino acid

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2
Q

three parts of amino acids:

A

○ Amino group
○ Carboxylic acid group
○ Sidechain or R group

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3
Q

■ The carbon at the center
■ It is named such because it is the
first carbon atom attached to the
functional groups and the side
chain

A

Alpha Carbon

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4
Q

2 uncommon amino acids:

A

selenocysteine and pyrrolysine

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5
Q

Amino acids can be classified according to the
polarity of their side chains:

A

Non-polar hydrophobic
Polar and uncharged
Polar and charged
Polar acidic
Polar basic

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6
Q

■ Their R groups are mostly
Hydrocarbons (CH)

A

Non-polar hydrophobic

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7
Q

■ Their R groups are Alcohol,
Phenol, Thiol, Amide

A

Polar and charged

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8
Q

The ___ of the
oxygen are one of the signs that
describes the amino acid as polar
acidic

A

negative charge

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8
Q

■ Their R group can’t be seen but supposedly, the oxygen has a
negative charge

A

Polar acidic

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9
Q

■ Instead of having a negative
charge, a positive charge can be
seen its side chains

A

Polar basic

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10
Q

Nonpolar amino acids (8)

A

Ala
Val
Leu
Iso
Phenyl
Trypto
Met
Pro

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11
Q

Polar and uncharged amino acids (7)

A

Gly
Ser
Threo
Cys
Tyr
Asp
Glut

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12
Q

Polar Basic amino acids (3)

A

Lys
Arg
His

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13
Q

● It is required in the diet = can’t be synthesized by
the body

A

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

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13
Q

Polar Acidic amino acids (2)

A

Aspartic Acid
Glutamic Acid

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14
Q

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS (10)

A

PVT TIM HALL
○ Phenylalanine
○ Valine
○ Threonine
○ Tryptophan
○ Isoleucine
○ Methionine
○ Histidine
○ Arginine
○ Leucine
○ Lysine

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15
Q

● Not required in the diet = can be synthesized by the
body

A

NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

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15
Q

NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS (10)

A

AAA CGGG PST
○ Alanine
○ Asparagine
○ Aspartic Acid
○ Cysteine
○ Glutamic Acid
○ Glutamine
○ Glycine
○ Proline
○ Serine
○ Tyrosine

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15
Q

● Plays a role in cell division
● Healing of wounds, stimulation of protein synthesis
● Immune function
● Release of hormones

A

ARGININE

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16
Q

Required for the generation of urea and
synthesis of creatine

A

arginine

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17
Q

■ Is a compound involved in the
supply of energy for muscle
contraction
■ Synthesized with arginine

A

Creatine Phosphate

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17
Q

■ Less toxic form produced from the
ammonia
■ Metabolized in the urea cycle

A

Urea

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17
Q

creatine when broken down forms ___

A

creatinine

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17
Q

● Direct precursor of histamine
● Repair body tissues
● Maintain myelin sheaths that protect the nerve cells
● Helps manufacture RBC and WBC
● Protect the body from heavy metal toxicity

A

HISTIDINE

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17
Q

● Needed for hemoglobin formation
● Helps to regulate blood and glucose levels and
maintain energy levels

A

ISOLEUCINE

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17
Q

● Boosts healing of muscle, skin, and bones
● Aids in recovery from surgery
● Lowers blood glucose levels
● Optimal growth of infants and for nitrogen
balance in adults

A

LEUCINE

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17
Q

● Plays a role in the production of antibodies
(immunoglobulins) and lowers triglyceride levels
● Needed for proper growth and bone development
in children
● Maintain a proper nitrogen balance in adults
● Helps in the absorption of calcium and the
formation of collagen

A

LYSINE

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17
Q

● Helps initiate translation of messenger RNA
○ First amino acid encoded during
translation

A

METHIONINE

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18
Q

functions for the normal metabolism
and growth of the body

A

Sulfur

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18
Q

Assist the breakdown of fats
● Helps to detoxify lead and other heavy metals
● Helps diminish muscle weakness
● Prevents brittle hair

A

methionine

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18
Q

amino acid that is a source of sulfur

A

methionine

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18
Q

Promotes alertness and vitality, elevates mood,
decreases pain, aids memory and learning
● Used to treat arthritis and depression
● Used by the brain to produce norepinephrine
● Uses active transport channel to cross the BBB
○ BBB: Blood-Brain Barrier
● Interferes with the production of serotonin

A

PHENYLALANINE

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18
Q

Part of the composition of aspartame

A

PHENYLALANINE

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19
Q

Made up of phenylalanine & aspartic acid
Common sweetener used in tared foods as
sugar replacement

A

aspartame

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19
Q

● Important in the component in the formation of
protein, collagen, elastin, and tooth enamel
● Helps maintain proper protein balance and aids in
liver function, metabolism, and assimilation

A

THREONINE

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20
Q

Stabilized the mood
■ A natural happy chemical = Person feeling happy

A

Serotonin

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20
Q

■ Hormone secreted by pineal gland
■ Sleep week cycle (highest during
night time

A

Melatonin

21
Q

Natural relaxant
● Alleviate insomnia by inducing sleep, soothes
anxiety and reduces depression
● Used in treatment of migraine headaches
● Aids in weight control by reducing appetite
● Helps control hyperactivity in children
● Heaviest among all the amino acids

A

Tryptophan

21
Q

serotonin scientific name

A

5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

22
Q

● Needed for muscle metabolism and coordination,
tissue repair and maintenance of nitrogen balance
● Used by muscle tissue as an energy source
● Used in treatments for muscle, mental and
emotional problems (insomnia, anxiety, liver and
gallbladder disease)

A

VALINE

23
Q

● Involved in the breakdown of glucose
● Product of the breakdown of DNA
● Transfer of nitrogen from the peripheral tissue to
the liver
● Helps in reducing the buildup of toxic substances
that are released into muscle
● Strengthens the immune system through
production of antibodies

A

ALANINE

24
Q

● First amino acid to be isolated = From asparagus
juice
● Converting one amino acid into another via
amination and transamination

A

ASPARAGINE

25
Q

Processes that occur before urea cycle in asparagine that converts one amino acid to another:

A

amination
transamination

26
Q

■ Amino acid is transferred to an
alpha keto acid (alpha
ketoglutarate)

A

Transamination

26
Q

■ Amine group is introduced to an
organic molecule

A

Amination

26
Q

Required by the nervous system and synthesis of
ammonia

A

ASPARAGINE

27
Q

● A.K.A Aspartate
● A metabolite in the urea cycle and participates in
gluconeogenesis

A

ASPARTIC ACID

28
Q

■ Metabolic pathway wherein we
produce glucose (pyruvate) from
noncarbohydrate sources

A

Gluconeogenesis

29
Q

CYSTEINE
● Named after ___ (precursor)

A

cystine

30
Q

cystein is also known as ___

A

half-cysteine residue

31
Q

Production of flavors
Contains sulfur

A

cysteine

32
Q

2 amino acids with sulfur:

A

cysteine
methionine

33
Q

● Serves as a neurotransmitter and dysregulation has
been linked to epileptic seizures
● Aids in transporting potassium to the spinal fluid
● Responsible for the taste umami
● Food additive/food enhancer (sodium salt,
monosodium glutamate (bitsin)

A

GLUTAMIC ACID (GLUTAMATE)

34
Q

● Most abundant amino acid in the body

A

GLUTAMINE

35
Q

Assists in maintaining the proper acid/alkaline
balance in the body (regulates pH)
● Provides fuel for a healthy digestive tract
Supplement used for muscle growth in weightlifting
and bodybuilding

A

GLUTAMINE

36
Q

Transports ammonia to the liver
○ Ammonia is toxic to the body (increased
levels is dangerous), may lead to
comatose
○ Needs to be transported to the liver where
ammonia will be converted to urea
(through the urea cycle pathway)

A

glutamine

37
Q

● Simplest amino acid

A

GLYCINE

38
Q

Only amino acid not optically active because it has no stereoisomers

A

glycine

39
Q

Has a sweet taste and is used as a sweetener
● Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS
● Helps in the synthesis of bile acids
Retards muscle degeneration, improves glycogen storage and promotes healing

A

GLYCINE

40
Q

PROLINE
● Precursor of ___

A

hydroxyproline

41
Q

Technically not an amino acid, but an imino acid
● Role in wound healing and molecular recognition
● Works with vit. c to promote healthy connective
tissues
● Technically not a protein since it is an imino acid
due to its cyclic structure
○ No amine group = only imino group

A

proline

42
Q

● Involved with fats
● Needed for proper metabolism of fats and fatty
acids
● Highly concentrated in all cell membranes
(phospholipid bilayer)
● Component of the protective myelin sheaths
surrounding nerve fibers
○ Myelin sheath contain fats

A

serine

43
Q

● Precursor of epinephrine, norepinephrine,
dopamine, t3 and t4

A

TYROSINE

44
Q

Stimulates metabolism
● Mood elevator, suppresses appetite and helps
reduce body fat
● Treatment of chronic fatigue, narcolepsy, anxiety,
depression, low sex drive, allergies and headaches

A

TYROSINE

45
Q
A
45
Q
A
45
Q
A
45
Q

Thyroid hormones are not purely tyrosine,
it also has ___

A

-iodine

46
Q

Encoded by UGA codon
○ UGA is normally a stop codon, however,
like the other amino acids used by cells,
selenocysteine has a special transfer RNA
(tRNA)

A

SELENOCYSTEINE

47
Q

selenocysteine is selenium analogue of ___

A

cysteine

48
Q

Selenocystein is found in some enzymes like:

A

○ Formate dehydrogenase
○ Glycine reductase
○ And some hydrogenases

49
Q

Encoded by UAG codon

A

PYRROLYSINE

50
Q

Used by archaea and unicellular organisms

A

PYRROLYSINE

51
Q

Normally a stop codon, possibly modified
by the presence of a ___ forcing the incorporation of
pyrrolysine instead of terminating
translation

A

specific downstream
sequence

52
Q

Amino acids (especially essential amino acids)
are found in food in the form of

A

protein

53
Q

Protein will be initially digested by the
enzymes ___ and ___

A

pepsin and trypsin

54
Q

once proteins are degraded, it becomes ___

A

amino acid

55
Q

Amino acids will be absorbed in the __
and will become part of the amino acid pool

A

intestine

56
Q

■ Where amino acids are acquired
to be used for translation

A

Amino Acid Pool

57
Q

Once the body opts to degrade the amino
acid, the product of degradation will vary
depending on if the amino acid is ___ or
___

A

ketogenic
glucogenic

58
Q

Acetyl-CoA → Can enter
___ or will be allowed to
enter the ___

A

ketogenesis, citric acid cycle

58
Q

■ Generate precursors of glucose or pyruvate

A

Glucogenic Amino Acids

58
Q

■ When degraded = produce either
Acetoacetyl-CoA/Acetyl-CoA

A

Ketogenic Amino Acids

58
Q

Acetoacetyl-CoA → Can be
converted to ___ or can
be used in __

A

Acetyl-CoA, ketogenesis

59
Q

pyruvate from glucogenic amino acids can become

A

proceed gluconeogenesis or become actetyl-CoA and enter citric acid cycle

60
Q

aside from pyruvate, products of other glucogenic amino acids become ___ which will then be part of the citric acid cycle

A

citric acid cycle intermediate

61
Q

An amino group is removed from amino acid through ___

A

oxidative deamination or transamination

62
Q

products of oxidative
deamination or transamination

A

ketoacid (usually
a-ketoglutarate)
and ammonia)

63
Q

■ Enter the common metabolic
pathway

A

Keto Acid

64
Q

product of oxidative deamnation that is toxic = converted to urea (less toxic form) through the urea cycle

A

Ammonia

65
Q

ketogenic amino acids (7)

A

leu
lys
phe
tryp
tyr
iso
threo

CC LEC 1 MIDTERMS (3 decks)

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