LIPIDS PART 2 Flashcards by Kyla Keim Insular

Small biomolecules containing at least one amino
group and one carboxyl group bonded to the
alpha-carbon

amino acid

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three parts of amino acids:

○ Amino group
○ Carboxylic acid group
○ Sidechain or R group

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■ The carbon at the center
■ It is named such because it is the
first carbon atom attached to the
functional groups and the side
chain

Alpha Carbon

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2 uncommon amino acids:

selenocysteine and pyrrolysine

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Amino acids can be classified according to the
polarity of their side chains:

Non-polar hydrophobic
Polar and uncharged
Polar and charged
Polar acidic
Polar basic

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■ Their R groups are mostly
Hydrocarbons (CH)

Non-polar hydrophobic

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■ Their R groups are Alcohol,
Phenol, Thiol, Amide

Polar and charged

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The ___ of the
oxygen are one of the signs that
describes the amino acid as polar
acidic

negative charge

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■ Their R group can’t be seen but supposedly, the oxygen has a
negative charge

Polar acidic

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■ Instead of having a negative
charge, a positive charge can be
seen its side chains

Polar basic

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Nonpolar amino acids (8)

Ala
Val
Leu
Iso
Phenyl
Trypto
Met
Pro

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Polar and uncharged amino acids (7)

Gly
Ser
Threo
Cys
Tyr
Asp
Glut

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Polar Basic amino acids (3)

Lys
Arg
His

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● It is required in the diet = can’t be synthesized by
the body

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

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Polar Acidic amino acids (2)

Aspartic Acid
Glutamic Acid

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ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS (10)

PVT TIM HALL
○ Phenylalanine
○ Valine
○ Threonine
○ Tryptophan
○ Isoleucine
○ Methionine
○ Histidine
○ Arginine
○ Leucine
○ Lysine

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● Not required in the diet = can be synthesized by the
body

NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

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NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS (10)

AAA CGGG PST
○ Alanine
○ Asparagine
○ Aspartic Acid
○ Cysteine
○ Glutamic Acid
○ Glutamine
○ Glycine
○ Proline
○ Serine
○ Tyrosine

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● Plays a role in cell division
● Healing of wounds, stimulation of protein synthesis
● Immune function
● Release of hormones

ARGININE

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Required for the generation of urea and
synthesis of creatine

arginine

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■ Is a compound involved in the
supply of energy for muscle
contraction
■ Synthesized with arginine

Creatine Phosphate

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■ Less toxic form produced from the
ammonia
■ Metabolized in the urea cycle

Urea

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creatine when broken down forms ___

creatinine

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● Direct precursor of histamine
● Repair body tissues
● Maintain myelin sheaths that protect the nerve cells
● Helps manufacture RBC and WBC
● Protect the body from heavy metal toxicity

HISTIDINE

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● Needed for hemoglobin formation ● Helps to regulate blood and glucose levels and maintain energy levels

ISOLEUCINE

● Boosts healing of muscle, skin, and bones ● Aids in recovery from surgery ● Lowers blood glucose levels ● Optimal growth of infants and for nitrogen balance in adults

LEUCINE

● Plays a role in the production of antibodies (immunoglobulins) and lowers triglyceride levels ● Needed for proper growth and bone development in children ● Maintain a proper nitrogen balance in adults ● Helps in the absorption of calcium and the formation of collagen

LYSINE

● Helps initiate translation of messenger RNA ○ First amino acid encoded during translation

METHIONINE

functions for the normal metabolism and growth of the body

Sulfur

Assist the breakdown of fats ● Helps to detoxify lead and other heavy metals ● Helps diminish muscle weakness ● Prevents brittle hair

methionine

amino acid that is a source of sulfur

methionine

Promotes alertness and vitality, elevates mood, decreases pain, aids memory and learning ● Used to treat arthritis and depression ● Used by the brain to produce norepinephrine ● Uses active transport channel to cross the BBB ○ BBB: Blood-Brain Barrier ● Interferes with the production of serotonin

PHENYLALANINE

Part of the composition of aspartame

PHENYLALANINE

Made up of phenylalanine & aspartic acid Common sweetener used in tared foods as sugar replacement

aspartame

● Important in the component in the formation of protein, collagen, elastin, and tooth enamel ● Helps maintain proper protein balance and aids in liver function, metabolism, and assimilation

THREONINE

Stabilized the mood ■ A natural happy chemical = Person feeling happy

Serotonin

■ Hormone secreted by pineal gland ■ Sleep week cycle (highest during night time

Melatonin

Natural relaxant ● Alleviate insomnia by inducing sleep, soothes anxiety and reduces depression ● Used in treatment of migraine headaches ● Aids in weight control by reducing appetite ● Helps control hyperactivity in children ● Heaviest among all the amino acids

Tryptophan

serotonin scientific name

5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

● Needed for muscle metabolism and coordination, tissue repair and maintenance of nitrogen balance ● Used by muscle tissue as an energy source ● Used in treatments for muscle, mental and emotional problems (insomnia, anxiety, liver and gallbladder disease)

VALINE

● Involved in the breakdown of glucose ● Product of the breakdown of DNA ● Transfer of nitrogen from the peripheral tissue to the liver ● Helps in reducing the buildup of toxic substances that are released into muscle ● Strengthens the immune system through production of antibodies

ALANINE

● First amino acid to be isolated = From asparagus juice ● Converting one amino acid into another via amination and transamination

ASPARAGINE

Processes that occur before urea cycle in asparagine that converts one amino acid to another:

amination transamination

■ Amino acid is transferred to an alpha keto acid (alpha ketoglutarate)

Transamination

■ Amine group is introduced to an organic molecule

Amination

Required by the nervous system and synthesis of ammonia

ASPARAGINE

● A.K.A Aspartate ● A metabolite in the urea cycle and participates in gluconeogenesis

ASPARTIC ACID

■ Metabolic pathway wherein we produce glucose (pyruvate) from noncarbohydrate sources

Gluconeogenesis

CYSTEINE ● Named after ___ (precursor)

cystine

cystein is also known as ___

half-cysteine residue

Production of flavors Contains sulfur

cysteine

2 amino acids with sulfur:

cysteine methionine

● Serves as a neurotransmitter and dysregulation has been linked to epileptic seizures ● Aids in transporting potassium to the spinal fluid ● Responsible for the taste umami ● Food additive/food enhancer (sodium salt, monosodium glutamate (bitsin)

GLUTAMIC ACID (GLUTAMATE)

● Most abundant amino acid in the body

GLUTAMINE

Assists in maintaining the proper acid/alkaline balance in the body (regulates pH) ● Provides fuel for a healthy digestive tract Supplement used for muscle growth in weightlifting and bodybuilding

GLUTAMINE

Transports ammonia to the liver ○ Ammonia is toxic to the body (increased levels is dangerous), may lead to comatose ○ Needs to be transported to the liver where ammonia will be converted to urea (through the urea cycle pathway)

glutamine

● Simplest amino acid

GLYCINE

Only amino acid not optically active because it has no stereoisomers

glycine

Has a sweet taste and is used as a sweetener ● Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS ● Helps in the synthesis of bile acids Retards muscle degeneration, improves glycogen storage and promotes healing

GLYCINE

PROLINE ● Precursor of ___

hydroxyproline

Technically not an amino acid, but an imino acid ● Role in wound healing and molecular recognition ● Works with vit. c to promote healthy connective tissues ● Technically not a protein since it is an imino acid due to its cyclic structure ○ No amine group = only imino group

proline

● Involved with fats ● Needed for proper metabolism of fats and fatty acids ● Highly concentrated in all cell membranes (phospholipid bilayer) ● Component of the protective myelin sheaths surrounding nerve fibers ○ Myelin sheath contain fats

serine

● Precursor of epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, t3 and t4

TYROSINE

Stimulates metabolism ● Mood elevator, suppresses appetite and helps reduce body fat ● Treatment of chronic fatigue, narcolepsy, anxiety, depression, low sex drive, allergies and headaches

TYROSINE

Thyroid hormones are not purely tyrosine, it also has ___

-iodine

Encoded by UGA codon ○ UGA is normally a stop codon, however, like the other amino acids used by cells, selenocysteine has a special transfer RNA (tRNA)

SELENOCYSTEINE

selenocysteine is selenium analogue of ___

cysteine

Selenocystein is found in some enzymes like:

○ Formate dehydrogenase ○ Glycine reductase ○ And some hydrogenases

Encoded by UAG codon

PYRROLYSINE

Used by archaea and unicellular organisms

PYRROLYSINE

Normally a stop codon, possibly modified by the presence of a ___ forcing the incorporation of pyrrolysine instead of terminating translation

specific downstream sequence

Amino acids (especially essential amino acids) are found in food in the form of

protein

Protein will be initially digested by the enzymes ___ and ___

pepsin and trypsin

once proteins are degraded, it becomes ___

amino acid

Amino acids will be absorbed in the __ and will become part of the amino acid pool

intestine

■ Where amino acids are acquired to be used for translation

Amino Acid Pool

Once the body opts to degrade the amino acid, the product of degradation will vary depending on if the amino acid is ___ or ___

ketogenic glucogenic

Acetyl-CoA → Can enter ___ or will be allowed to enter the ___

ketogenesis, citric acid cycle

■ Generate precursors of glucose or pyruvate

Glucogenic Amino Acids

■ When degraded = produce either Acetoacetyl-CoA/Acetyl-CoA

Ketogenic Amino Acids

Acetoacetyl-CoA → Can be converted to ___ or can be used in __

Acetyl-CoA, ketogenesis

pyruvate from glucogenic amino acids can become

proceed gluconeogenesis or become actetyl-CoA and enter citric acid cycle

aside from pyruvate, products of other glucogenic amino acids become ___ which will then be part of the citric acid cycle

citric acid cycle intermediate

An amino group is removed from amino acid through ___

oxidative deamination or transamination

products of oxidative deamination or transamination

ketoacid (usually a-ketoglutarate) and ammonia)

■ Enter the common metabolic pathway

Keto Acid

product of oxidative deamnation that is toxic = converted to urea (less toxic form) through the urea cycle

Ammonia

ketogenic amino acids (7)

leu lys phe tryp tyr iso threo