Proteins Flashcards
What are the four levels of structure in proteins?
Primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure. Every protein structure must build off of one another. Every protein structure must have a primary structure.
What is the primary structure?
The primary structure of proteins is the when a sequence of amino acids link together to form a polypeptide chain (a chain of amino acids). Each amino acid is linked to the next amino acid through peptide bonds through dehydration synthesis when two amino acids join.
Primary: peptide bonds between amino acids.
What is secondary structure?
Forms of secondary structures include are alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets. Hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone results the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern.
Secondary: hydrogen bonding between amino acids.
What is tertiary structure?
Tertiary structure is the three dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions between amino acids.
Tertiary: bonding (various kinds) between R groups.
What is a quaternary structure?
Quaternary structure is when several amino acid (protein) chains are closely packed and arranged.
Quaternary: bonding between two or more different loads of tertiary proteins.
What is a protein?
A protein is a very small molecule. Amino acids fold to create chains through the attraction and repulsion of amino acids. Proteins build new cells, synthesize new proteins, and repair and maintain tissue.
How many amino acids do we need? What elements are required to synthesize an amino acid?
We get 20 different types of amino acids from the foods that we eat that build proteins within our bodies. There are 9 amino acids that we don’t synthesize that must be included in our diets. In order to make/synthesize an amino acid we need nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
What is the structure of an amino acids? (What groups?)
Amino acids are made of hydrogen, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an R group (varies depending on the amino acid and determines the properties of the amino acid). Everything is attached to a central (alpha) carbon molecule that is the main ‘hub’ of the molecule.
What is a peptide bond?
Two amino acids form a covalent bond through dehydration synthesize called a peptide bond. Water is removed from the amino acids when a peptide bond is formed. The water molecule is extracted when the amino group and the carboxyl group of a neighbouring amino acid are joined.
What are dipeptides and polypeptides?
A dipeptide is made up of two amino acids. A dipeptide consists of two peptide bonds between two amino acids.
A polypeptide is made up of multiple amino acids linked together to form a chain. If more than two amino acids form using a peptide bond, a polypeptide is formed.
What role does hydrogen bonding play in the secondary structure of proteins?
The hydrogen bonds between amino acids help to maintain the shape of the protein, prevents it from falling apart in the secondary structure. The regions of amino acid chains are stabilized by hydrogen bonds from the polypeptide backbone. These hydrogen bonds create alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheets of the secondary structure.
What are R groups in amino acids? (Hydrophobic/hydrophilic)
R groups can be hydrophobic or hydrophilic.
Hydrophobic R groups are inside or in the middle (shielded from water) of the protein structure.
Hydrophilic R groups are on the outside of the structure and may interact with water this allows it to be soluble can it can be transported more easily throughout the body.
The protein orientates itself so the groups can be in different spaces.
What are structural proteins vs functional proteins?
Structural proteins make up your skin, tendons, and cartilage. It is used to build muscle tissues and forms a skeleton or contribute to the mechanical properties of a living organism. Examples: keratin, collagen, and elastin.
Functional proteins perform a biological role in your body and are involved in a biological function of living organisms. Example: haemoglobin, insulin, hormones, antibodies, and enzymes.
What does proteins do for our bodies?
We need to eat protein in order to repair, grow, and build our muscles. Proteins are for growth and healing and not a primary source of energy like lipids or carbohydrates.
What is denaturation?
Denaturation is when the unfolding or breaking of the three-dimensional shape of a protein. Proteins maybe be denatured by chemical action or heat which causes a protein to unfold or the polypeptide chain to become disordered.
