Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Amino acids

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2
Q

What are amino acids made up of?

A
  • Central carbon bonded to hydrogen
  • Amino group (NH2)
  • Carboxylic group (COOH)
  • R group (side chain)
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3
Q

R group

A

Determines the physical and chemical structure of a protein

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4
Q

How are amino acids joined to form proteins?

A

Through a peptide bond which requires energy and removes a molecule of water

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5
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

140

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6
Q

How many amino acids make up a protein?

A

20

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7
Q

Side chains

A
  • Large or small
  • Charged or neutral
  • Form hydrogen or disulfied bonds with other amino acids
  • Hydrophobic or hydrophilic
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8
Q

Primary protein structure

A
  • Amino acid sequence
  • R groups located on opposite sides of chains
  • No interactions
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9
Q

Secondary protein structure

A
  • Determined by number and sequence of amino acids
  • Formed by chemical reactions in the primary structure
  • Space between amino acids
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10
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A
  • 3D structure
  • Formed by interactions of amino acids or side chains
  • Globular-like structure
  • Fibrous structure
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11
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A
  • Space between sub-units
  • Formed by 2 or more polypeptide chains interacting
  • Insulin and haemoglobin
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12
Q

Digestion definition

A

Macromolecules in food are broken down into their component small-molecule subunits

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13
Q

How are proteins digested in the stomach?

A

Low pH

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14
Q

What is pepsin?

A

Proteolytic enzyme which cleaves proteins into smaller peptides at pH 2

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15
Q

After the stomach, where is protein digested?

A

Small intestine where it is exposed to proteolytic enzymes

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16
Q

How does the pancreas help to digest protein?

A

Produces proteolytic enzymes which produces a mixture of amino acids and oligopeptides

17
Q

How is the protein further broken down?

A

By membrane bound enzymes where it is absorbed as amino acids, di and tripeptides

18
Q

Where do amino acids go in the body?

A

Epithelial cells then into capillaries and plasma where it can be oxidised to provide energy

19
Q

Why are amino acids required?

A

Protein synthesis

20
Q

Name the 4 functions of protein synthesis

A

Structure, protection, enzymatic, transport/communication

21
Q

What is deamination?

A

Removal of the amino group

22
Q

What are the products of deamination?

A

Ammonia and oxoacid

23
Q

What is another process for amino acids?

A

Transamination

24
Q

What is transamination?

A

When an amino acids becomes a different amino acid via de-novo synthesis

25
How is protein needed estimated?
The amount of nitrogen needed to reach nitrogen equilibrium in adults
26
What is the nitrogen requirement for children?
Positive balance
27
How do you calculate protein requirements?
Nitrogen balance x 6.25