Protein Synthesis/Mutations/Enzymes

Question 1

which enzyme unwinds DNA and breaks the hydrogen bonds

Answer 1

DNA Helicase

Question 2

Which enzyme adds nucleotides during DNA replication

Answer 2

DNA polymerase

Question 3

When and where does DNA replication occur

Answer 3

Interphase; Cytoplasm

Question 4

Parts of a nucleotide

Answer 4

Deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen

Question 5

What pairs to A

Answer 5

T

Question 6

What pairs to C

Answer 6

G

Question 7

What type of chemical bond is between the bases

Answer 7

hydrogen bonds

Question 8

Difference between DNA and RNA

Answer 8

DNA has two strands of molecules while RNA only has one. DNA is self-replicating, while RNA can not replicate on its own.

Question 9

Where is DNA located

Answer 9

nucleus

Question 10

Where is RNA located

Answer 10

found in cytoplasm but synthesized in the nucleus

Question 11

3 types of gene mutations

Answer 11

base substitutions, deletions, and insertions

Question 12

process of transcription

Answer 12

transcription uses the information in a gene in the DNA to make a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule

Question 13

where does translation take place

Answer 13

in the cytoplasm with ribosomes

Question 14

Process of translation

Answer 14

During translation each set of three nucleotides in an mRNA molecule codes for one amino acid in a protein. This process creates codons which creates a polypeptide chain in order to form a protein. mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are all involved in translation.

Question 15

What do genes code for

Answer 15

proteins

Question 16

What is a codon

Answer 16

A codon is a sequence of 3 DNA or RNA nucleotides that correspond to a specific amino acid

Question 17

What is an anticodon

Answer 17

Anticodons are between the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of the protein

Question 18

How many codons code for 1 amino acid

Answer 18

1 codon codes for one amino acid

Question 19

Job of mRNA

Answer 19

messenger; encodes amino sequences of a polypeptide

Question 20

Job of tRNA

Answer 20

transfers amino acids to the ribosomes during translation

Question 21

Jobs of rRNA

Answer 21

ribosomal proteins that make up ribosomes; organelles that translate the mRNA

Question 22

What is an exon? Intron?

Answer 22

Exons are segments of mRNA that will be translated “coding region”, while introns are segments of mRNA cut out “non-coding regions.”

Question 23

What is a mutation and when can they occur?

Answer 23

Mutations are a permanent change in the DNA sequence. They occur when there are mistakes in the DNA sequence.

Question 24

What type of mutations affect a single gene? multiple genes?

Answer 24

Point mutations; frameshift mutations

Question 25

parts of a chemical reaction

Answer 25

The reactants; the starting material (molecules/substances) and the products; the final product (outcome/compound)

Question 26

How does a catalyst affect chemical reactions

Answer 26

A catalyst affects chemical reactions because it speeds the process of the reaction.

Question 27

What is an enzyme? What is the substrate?

Answer 27

Enzymes are the biological substance (proteins) that act as catalysts and help complex reactions occur. Substrates are the biological molecule that the enzyme will work on.

Question 28

What is an active site

Answer 28

The active site is a special area that has enzymes grab onto a substrate. The active site changes the shape, holding on to the substrate, prepary to catalyze the reaction.

Question 29

What 3 environmental conditions affect enzyme activity

Answer 29

Temperature, pH, and concentration

Question 30

What does it mean when an enzyme is denatured

Answer 30

The enzyme is losing its shape and function

Question 31

What is a competitive inhibitor

Answer 31

Competitive inhibitor (going in and blocking the active site )

Question 32

What is an allosteric inhibitor

Answer 32

The allosteric inhibitor (turning off) binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site.

Question 33

How do enzymes affect activation energy in a chemical reaction

Answer 33

Enzymes are catalysts and catalysts lower the activation energy in reactions. The lower the activation energy the faster the rate will increase. Enzymes speed up the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy.

Question 34

What happens to chemical bonds in a chemical reaction

Answer 34

the chemical bonds that hold the molecules together break apart and form new bonds.