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Honors Biology Final Sem 2 > Genetics Study guide > Flashcards

Genetics Study guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What is heterozygous? Also known as

A

Heterozygous is two different alleles for a trait also known as a carrier

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2
Q

What is homozygous? Also known as?

A

Homozygous is 2 identical alleles for a trait, also known as true breeding.

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3
Q

What is a recessive trait

A

an unexpressed trait in the alleles. It is a trait that is not as common, for example, blue or green eyes.

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4
Q

What is a dominant trait?

A

a trait that is visibly expressed in the organism and are more likely to occur, for example, brown hair or brown eyes.

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5
Q

What are the phenotypes and genotypes of blood

A

Phenotype A; Genotype AA or AO
Phenotype: B; Genotype BB or BO
Phenotype AB Genotype AB Phenotype O Genotype OO

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6
Q

How many chromosomes are in a normal karyotype

A

46

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7
Q

What is the result of mitosis

A

two new genetically identical daughter cells (46 chromosomes)

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8
Q

Result of Meiosis

A

4 new different haploid cells being produced and it cuts the amount of chromosomes we have in half (from 46 to 23).

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9
Q

Where are sex-linked genes located?

A

sex chromosomes

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10
Q

Why do more men have sex linked disorders than women?

A

They only have one x chromosome while women have two so they can’t hide their recessive traits as well

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11
Q

Which parent determines the sex of an offspring

A

males; contributed y chromosome

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12
Q

What are the chromosomes for females and males

A

Females XX

Males XY

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13
Q

What is a polygenic trait?

A

multiple genes that determine a trait (eye color)

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14
Q

What is codominance

A

neither allele is recessive and the phenotypes of both alleles are expressed.

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15
Q

What is incomplete dominance

A

when individuals show a blended phenotype

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16
Q

What is independent assortment

A

Genes that segregate independently

17
Q

What characteristics are caused by multiple alleles

A

Blood groups

18
Q

what are autosomes

A

Any chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes

19
Q

What is nondisjunction? How does this affect the offspring

A

failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis; results in incorrect number of chromosomes in offspring (ex: one extra chromosome = trisomy, another complete set of chromosomes = polyploidy)

20
Q

Two phases of meiosis

A

The first phase is Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I and Cytokinesis.
The second phase is Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II and Cytokinesis.

21
Q

what happens in prophase 1

A

homologous pairs cross over (can only occur in this phase) and chromosomes condense (spindle forms) and nuclear envelope fragments

22
Q

what happens in metaphase 1

A

the homologous pairs align along the equator of the cell.

23
Q

what happens in anaphase 1

A

homologs separate and move to opposite poles. The sister chromatids remain attached to their centromeres

24
Q

What happens in telophase/cytokinesis

A

In Telophase I the nuclear envelope reassembles, the spindles disappear. In Cytokinesis the cells divide into

25
Q

what happens in prophase 2

A

chromosomes and spindles start to form.

26
Q

what happens in metaphase 2

A

the chromosomes meet in the middle again, however there is one straight line since the chromosomes are separated

27
Q

what happens in anaphase 2

A

chromatids are pulled away by the spindle fibers

28
Q

what happens in telophase II/ cytokinesis

A

Telophase II/ Cytokinesis the two cells divide again to result with 4 haploid cells.

29
Q

3 sources of genetic variation in sexual reproduction

A

independent assortment; gene shuffling; crossing over/genetic recombination

30
Q

What is epigenetics and how does it work

A

the study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work

31
Q

What factors influence your epigenome

A

Environmental and Lifestyle = nutrition, behavior, stress, physical activity, working habits, smoking/alcohol consumption

32
Q

What kinds of effects can epigenetics have

A

changes in how your body reads DNA

Honors Biology Final Sem 2 (3 decks)

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