Protein Synthesis and Selection Flashcards
Contrast Eukaryotic DNA and Prokaryotic DNA (3)
- Eukaryotic DNA is linear whereas Prokaryotic DNA is circular
- Eukaryotic DNA is associated with histones whereas Prokaryotic DNA is not associated with histones
- Eukaryotic DNA contains introns whereas Prokaryotic DNA does not contain introns
Contrast DNA and mRNA (3)
- DNA is double stranded whereas RNA is single stranded
- DNA is longER whereas RNA is shortER
- Thymine in DNA whereas thymine is replaced with uracil in RNA
- Deoxyribose in DNA whereas ribose in RNA
- DNA has hydrogen bonds whereas mRNA doesn’t have hydrogen bonds
- DNA has introns whereas mRNA doesn’t have introns
Define the term exon (1)
Base/ nucleotide/ triplet sequence coding for polypeptide / sequence of amino acids/ primary structure
Describe Transcription in Eukaryotes (5)
- Hydrogen bonds (between DNA bases )break
- Only one DNA strand acts as a template
- (Free) RNA nucleotides align by complementary base pairing
- (In RNA) Uracil base pairs with adenine
- RNA polymerase joins (adjacent RNA) nucleotides
- By phosphodiester bonds and condensation reactions
- Pre mRNA is spliced
Describe Translation (5)
- mRNA attaches to ribosomes/rough endoplasmic reticulum
- tRNA anticodons bind to complementary mRNA codons
- tRNA brings a specific amino acid
- Amino acids join by peptide bonds
- with the use of ATP
- tRNA released (after amino acid joined to polypeptide)
- Ribosome moves along mRNA to form polypeptide chain
Give two structural differences between a molecule of mRNA and tRNA (2)
- mRNA does not have hydrogen bonds whereas tRNA does have hydrogen bonds
- mRNA doesn’t have an amino acid binding site whereas tRNA does have amino acid binding site
- mRNA has codons whereas tRNA has anticodons
Define degenerate code (1)
more than one triplet/codon can code for the same amino acid
Explain what the term non - overlapping means (1)
a base from one triplet cannot be used in an adjacent triplet
Define what is meant by Universal code
the same three bases on mRNA/DNA code for the same amino acids in all organisms
Describe what happens when the third base of a triplet is altered (2)
- Silent mutation so it will not change the amino acid coded for
- so will have no effect on the polypeptide chain
- code is degenerate so more than one codon can code for the same amino acid
Describe what happens when the first base of a triplet is altered (3)
- will change the amino acid coded for
- alters the sequence of amino acids on polypeptide chain
- may alter the specific tertiary structure
Describe the effect of an addition/deletion mutation towards the end of a sequence of bases. (2)
- reading frame has been shifted to right/left so causes a frame shift
- lesser effect but would still alter some amino acids at end of gene
Explain the effect of an addition/deletion mutation at the start of a sequence of bases. (2)
- reading frame has been shifted to right/left so causes a frame shift
- all triplets coding for polypeptide would be altered so all amino acids would be altered
Name 3 types of mutagenic agents and give 2 examples for each
- High energy ionising radiation - X rays and gamma rays
- DNA reactive chemicals - benzene and bromine
- Biological agents - viruses and bacteria
Name 3 chromosomal mutations
- Inversion Mutations
- Duplication Mutations
- Translocation Mutations