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Biology > Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

The pyrimidine bases are

A

Uracil and cytosine

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1
Q

The sugar in a nucleotide of RNA is

A

Ribose

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2
Q

The purine bases are

A

Adenine and guanine

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3
Q

In complimentary base pairing, what bonds with what?

A

Adenine bonds with uracil

Guanine bonds with cytosine

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4
Q

RNA is a ___-stranded polymer

A

One

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5
Q

There are _______ types of RNA each with its only function

A

Three

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6
Q

The 5-carbon sugar in RNA is ______, whereas in DNA it is __________.

A

Ribose

Deoxyribose

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7
Q

In RNA the base ______ is substituted for _______.

A

Uracil, thymine

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8
Q

DNA molecules are double stranded and RNA molecules are

A

Single-stranded

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9
Q

In terms of length, DNA molecules are much __________ than RNA

A

Longer

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10
Q

mRNA stands for

A

Messenger RNA

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11
Q

mRNA has the code for making

A

Proteins

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12
Q

mRNA is produced in the

A

Nucleus

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13
Q

tRNA stands for

A

Transfer RNA

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14
Q

tRNA carry_____________ from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes

A

Amino acids

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15
Q

One end of the tRNA is specific for a single type of

A

Amino acid

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16
Q

The other end of the tRNA contains three unpaired bases called an

A

Anti-codon

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17
Q

rRNA stands for

A

Ribosomal RNA

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18
Q

rRNA forms ___________ which are the sites of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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19
Q

rRNA is produced in the

A

Nucleus

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20
Q

Function of DNA

A

DNA directs the building of proteins. These proteins are components of structures, pigments, hormones, enzymes, etc.

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21
Q

RNA

A

A copy of DNA that goes out into the cytoplasm to tell the cell what to do in order to stay alive

22
Q

RNA stands for

A

ribonucleic acid

23
Q

Unlike DNA, you can always make more

A

RNA, so its ok if it’s destroyed

24
Q

RNA is made of

A

nucleotides

25
Q

RNA contains

A

a ribose sugar, phosphate and a base (A, C, U, G)

26
Q

RNA is a _________ strand

A

single

27
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA

sends out a message from the nucleus

28
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA

brings amino acids from cytoplasm to the ribosome

29
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA

forms part of the ribosome, the other part is protein, they are assembled in the nucleolus

30
Q

Codon

A

3 base pairs that code for a specific tRNA

31
Q

Gene

A

a small section of the DNA strand that codes for a specific protein

32
Q

Proteins make up ___ of the mass of an average person

A

15%

33
Q

Other than making up skin, hair, muscles, cartilage, ligaments and other body structures, proteins are needed in

A

the form of hormones, enzymes, antibodies and hemoglobin

34
Q

Proteins also make up

A

pigments, like those in the iris, skin and hair

35
Q

Protein synthesis has 2 parts:

A

transcription and translation

36
Q

Transcription

A

process of copying a gene onto a messenger RNA strand; occurs in the nucleus

37
Q

Translation

A

process of reading the mRNA strand into a protein sequence; occurs in the cytoplasm

38
Q

What is a mutation?

A

Any change to the DNA sequence.

39
Q

Most mutations are _______ and have ___ _____.

A

Neutral; no effect

40
Q

Some mutations provide a _______.

A

benefit

41
Q

Not all mutations are _________. Only those in the ____ ____ are passed to offspring.

A

heritable; germ cells

42
Q

Mutations add _______ to ________in a species.

A

variation; organisms

43
Q

On average, most people have ____ mutations between them and their parents.

A

60

44
Q

Define “chromosomal.”

A

Effects a whole chromosome.

45
Q

Define “gene point.”

A

Effects a specific place in a gene.

46
Q

List the chromosomal mutations.

A
  1. Deletion
  2. Duplication
  3. Translocation
  4. Inversion
47
Q

In chromosomal mutations, what usually causes deletion and duplication?

A

Nondisjunction during meiosis.

48
Q

What are the 3 types of gene point effects?

A
  1. Silent
  2. Substitution
  3. Frameshift
49
Q

What are the two types of frame shifts (gene point).

A

Deletion and insertion.

50
Q

Substitution replaces ____________.

A

one base for another.

51
Q

Insertion is the ____ of an extra ____. It creates a shift in the _____ _____.

A

Addition; base; reading frame

52
Q

______is the loss of a base; it creates a _____ in the reading frame.

A

Deletion; shift

Biology (8 decks)

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