Protein Synthesis Flashcards
What are the four stages of protein synthesis
- Activaton
- Initiation
- Elongation
- Termination
what is required for amino acid activation
- amino acids
- tRNAs
- Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases
- ATP, Mg2+
The activated amino acid attatches to its specific tRNA by an ester bond between what?
carboxyl group and 3’-OH (hydroxyl) group on the trNA
What does Chain termination require
- Terminating codons
- Releasing factors
When the ribosome encounters a termination codon, special proteins called releasing factors bind to the ribosome. (not from the file)
Releasing factors
The various methods used by organisms
to control which genes will be expressed and when.
Gene regulation
Explain how Gene regulation works
- when ribosomes encounter a stop codon (UAA, UAG,UGA), release factors bind to the A-site. GTP (energy) helps finish the process
- then peptide gets hydrolzyed (released) from the tRNA and the whole complex gets to be recycled
DNA to RNA regulation
transcriptional level
mRNA to Protein regulaton
Translational level
In eukaryotes, what are the three factors that regulate transcription
- Promoter
- Enhancer
- Response elements
this is located adjacent to the transcription site
Promotors
what are promotors defined by
initiator and conserved sequences
(TATA/BC boxes)
Different _________ bind to different modules
of the promoter.
transcription factors (proteins)
transcription factors find their targeted sites by ________
changing their shape
(twisting their protein chains)
give examples of the transcription factor conformation
- metal binding fingers
- helix-turn-helix
- leucine zipper
Transcription factors possess _______ which reduce the rate of transcription
Repressors
