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Biology module 2 and respiration > Protein synthesis > Flashcards

Protein synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What elements do nucleotides contain

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen ,phosphorus

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2
Q

What 3 features does a nucleotide contain

A
  • pentose monosaccharide
  • phosphate groups
  • nitrogenous base
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3
Q

What is a phosphodiester bond

A
  • condensation reaction
  • Phosphate group at C5 of the pentose sugar forms a covalent bond with the hydroxyl group at the third carbon of the next nucleotide
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4
Q

Features of pyrimidines, which bases

A
  • Smaller bases
  • Contain single carbon ring structures
  • Thymine and Cytosine
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5
Q

Features of purines, which bases

A
  • Larger bases
  • contain double carbon ring structures
  • Adenine and Guanine
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6
Q

How many bonds do bases form when they join

A
  • Thymine + Adenine= 2 hydrogen bonds
  • Cytosine + Guanine= 3 hydrogen bonds
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7
Q

What is mRNA

A
  • messenger RNA
  • a short section of the long DNA molecule corresponding to a gene
  • polymer of nucleotide monomers
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8
Q

How is the double helix of DNA formed, features of it

A
  • 2 strands of polynucleotides coiled into a helix
  • Hydrogen bonds between bases join the 2 strands
  • the 2 strands are antiparallel- opposite directions
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9
Q

How to extract DNA

A
  • grind sample in mortar and pestle, TO BREAK CELL WALL
  • mix sample with detergent (breaks membrane, releases cell contents)
  • add salt, to break H bonds between DNA and water
  • add protease enzyme, to break down proteins associated with DNA
  • add layer of ethanol on top, causing DNA to precipitate out, forms white precipitate
  • pick up DNA by spooling onto a glass rod
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10
Q

What is semi-conservative replication, process of it

A
  • hydrogen bonds between strands broken
  • free DNA nucleotides pair with exposed complementary bases
  • hydrogen bonds form between strands again, phosphodiester bonds form between new adjacent nucleotides
  • produces 2 new molecules of DNA, each with 1 old and 1 new strand
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11
Q

Role of DNA helicase

A

Unwinds/separates 2 strands of the double helix

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12
Q

Role of DNA polymerase

A

Catalyses the formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides

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13
Q

What is a gene

A

A section of DNA that contains the complete sequence of bases (codons) to code for an entire protein

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14
Q

What is meant by universal

A
  • all organisms use the same genetic code and system
  • however, the sequences of bases coding for each protein are different
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15
Q

What is degenerate code

A

-Many amino acids can be coded for by more than 1 codon
- 20 amino acids, 64 codon possibilities

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16
Q

Definition of transcription

A

The process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA

17
Q

Why does transcription occur

A

DNA is to large to leave the nucleus, genes must be copied and transported to ribosome for protein synthesis

18
Q

Role of amino acid Methionine

A
  • initiates protein synthesis
  • initiation codon recognised by anticodon on mRNA
19
Q

Summary of stages in transcription

A
  1. DNA helicase breaks H bonds, free RNA nucleotide bases pair with complementary bases on the antisense strand
  2. Phosphodiester bonds form between free RNA nucleotides by RNA polymerase, transcription stop at end of gene
  3. mRNA detaches from the DNA strand, leaves nucleus through a nuclear pore, travels to ribosome
  4. DNA double helix reforms
20
Q

Sense vs antisense strand

A
  • Sense strand= codes for protein
  • antisense strand= acts as template strand- bases forming RNA will be complementary to antisense strand so will code for protein, as will have the same sequence as the sense strand
21
Q

Definition of translation

A
  • the process by which mRNA is decoded and translated into a sequence of amino acids
22
Q

Role, structure, featuRes of tRNA

A
  • transfer RNA
  • made up of a strand of RNA, folded so 3 bases/anticodons are at 1 end of the molecule
  • anticodon binds to complementary codon on mRNA
  • carry an amino acid corresponding to the codon
  • when tRNA anticodons bind to complementary codons, amino acids are brought together in the sequence for the protein
23
Q

Role of ribosomes in transcription/translation

A
  • act as the binding site for mRNA and tRNA
  • catalyse assembly of the protein
24
Q

Summary of process of translation

A
  1. mRNA binds to subunit of ribosome at start codon, tRNA with complementary anticodon binds to mRNA start codon
  2. another tRNA carrying the corresponding amino acid binds to the next codon on the mRNA, max 2
  3. first amino acids then transferred to the amino acid on the second tRNA by a peptide bond
  4. ribosome moves along mRNA, releasing the first amino acid
  5. stages repeat, until ribosome reaches stop codon, polypeptide is released
25
Q

Peptidyl transferase

A
  • enzyme that catalyses joining of amino acids
26
Q

What does translation form

A

-the primary structure of a protein
- complete sequence of amino acids

27
Q

Structure of ATP

A
  • nitrogenous base, always ADENINE
  • ribose pentose sugar
  • 3 phosphate groups
28
Q

Function of ATP

A
  • supply energy inside cells in a usable from
  • its used for energy transfer in cells of all living things
29
Q

Equation for ATP energy release, type of reaction

A
  • ATP + water = ADP + P + energy
  • hydrolysis
30
Q

Key properties of ATP

A
  • small
  • easily regenerated
  • water soluble
  • energy released in small quantities
  • contains bonds between phosphates with intermediate energy
31
Q

Differences between RNA and DNA

A
  • Uracil rather than thymine
  • uracil bonds with A
  • RNA small enough to leave nucleus and travel to ribosomes
32
Q
A

Biology module 2 and respiration (8 decks)

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