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biology module 2 and respiration > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is a carbohydrate

A

A molecule containing elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

What is a monosaccharide and examples

A
  • a single sugar/ carb unit
  • e.g. glucose, ribose
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3
Q

What is a disaccharide and examples

A
  • 2 monosaccharides joined
  • e.g. lactose, sucrose
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4
Q

What is a polysaccharide and examples

A
  • 3 or more monosaccharides
  • e.g. glycogen, starch
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5
Q

Where is fructose found

A
  • it is naturally occurring in fruits
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6
Q

Where is lactose found

A
  • in milk products
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7
Q

Where is sucrose found

A
  • a naturally occurring sugar
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8
Q

What is the sweet-ness relationship between fructose, glucose and galactose

A

fructose is sweeter that glucose, which is sweeter than galactose

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9
Q

What is the chemical formula of glucose

A
  • C6H12O6
  • hexose monosaccharide
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10
Q

What is the difference in structure of alpha and beta glucose

A
  • alpha right side= H
    OH
  • beta right side= OH
    H
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11
Q

Why is glucose polar and soluble in water

A

-due to the bonds between the hydroxyl groups and water molecules
- the solubility allows glucose to be dissolved in the cell cytosol

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12
Q

What is a glycosidic bond

A
  • a covalent bond formed between 2 glucose molecules
  • condensation reaction ( a water molecule is formed)
  • the number represent the carbons it is between e.g. 1-4
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13
Q

alpha glucose + alpha glucose=

A

Maltose (a disaccharide)

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14
Q

alpha glucose + fructose=

A

Sucrose

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15
Q

Galactose + glucose=

A

Lactose

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16
Q

Chemical formula of ribose

A
  • C5H10O5
  • pentose monosaccharide
17
Q

What is the function of starch, what is it made up of, key properties

A
  • excess store of glucose in plants
  • many alpha glucose molecules joined together by glycosidic bonds
  • insoluble in water
18
Q

what 2 polysaccharides make up starch

A
  • amylose
  • amylopectin
19
Q

Structure and function of amylose

A
  • 1-4 glycosidic bonds give a coiled and twisted structure
  • unbranched
  • long
  • compact, so good for storage
20
Q

Structure and function of amylopectin

A
  • 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
  • branched structure
21
Q

Make up and function of cellulose

A
  • many beta glucose molecules joined together
  • component of plant cell walls
22
Q

Structural functions of cellulose

A
  • Hydroxyl groups on C1 and C4 to far apart, every alternate beta molecule flipped upside down so shorter distance
  • unable to coil and bend
23
Q

Cellulose and fibres

A
  • when cellulose molecules make bonds with each other, it forms MICROFIBRILS
  • microfibrils join together to make MACROFIBRILS
  • microfibrils combine to make fibres that are insoluble and strong so make cell walls
24
Q

Function and basic structure of glycogen

A
  • store of excess glucose in animals and fungi
  • alpha glucose molecules joined together
25
Q

Structural features of glycogen

A
  • very branched structure
  • compact, so less space needed for storage
  • many free ends- glucose can be added/removed easily and quickly
26
Q

Glycogen and starch hydrolysis reactions

A
  • when glucose is required for e.g. respiration, hydrolysis reactions occur, which require the addition of a water molecule
  • reaction catalysed by enzymes, the enzymes that are the reverse of the ones in condensation reactions

biology module 2 and respiration (8 decks)

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