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Biology > Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Compare eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA.

A

Eukaryotic linear WHEAREAS prokaryotic circular
Eukaryotic associated w/ histone proteins WHEREAS prokaryotic not
Eukaryotic contains introns WHEREAS prokaryotic doesn’t
Eukaryotic longER WHEREAS prokaryotic shortER
Both have base pairs
Both have hydrogen bonds

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2
Q

Compare mRNA and tRNA.

A

mRNA single stranded, tRNA clover-leaf shaped
mRNA no hydrogen bonds, tRNA has hydrogen bonds
mRNA no specific amino acid site, tRNA has specific amino acid site
mRNA codons, tRNA anti-codons
both have base pairs
both synthesised

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3
Q

Compare structure of mRNA and DNA.

A

mRNA shortER, DNA longER
mRNA single stranded, DNA double stranded,
mRNA no introns, DNA has intons
mRNA uracil, DNA thymine
Both have adenine, guanine and cytosine
Both phosphodiester bonds

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4
Q

Process of transcription.

A
  • DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between complimentary base pairs
  • One strand used as template
  • free RNA nucleotides associate with exposed DNA via base pairs
  • uracil instead of thymine
  • RNA polymerase forms phospodiester bonds between nucleotides through condensation reaction
  • forms pre-mRNA
  • introns spliced - mature mRNA
  • leaves DNA through pores to ribosome
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5
Q

Process of translation.

A
  • mRNA binds to ribosome
  • ribosome finds start codon
  • tRNA with complimentary anticodons, to mRNA codons and specific amino acid associates with codon
  • second tRNA with specific amino acid
  • amino acids form peptide bond through condensation reaction using ATP
  • tRNA releases
  • ribosome continues until stop codon
  • polypeptide formed and released
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6
Q

Genome is…

A

Complete set of genes in a cell

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7
Q

Proteome is…

A

Full range of proteins that a cell is able to produce

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8
Q

Loci is…

A

The position of a gene within a chromosome

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9
Q

Allele is…

A

A different form of a gene

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10
Q

A gene is…

A

DNA base sequence that codes for a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

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11
Q

Genetic code is…

A

Universal
Non-overlapping
Degenerate

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12
Q

Universal is…

A

The same codons/triplets code for the same amino acids in all organisms

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13
Q

Non-overlapping is when…

A

Each base is only part of 1 codon/triplet

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14
Q

Degenerate is…

A

When more than on triplet/codon codes for an amino acid

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15
Q

Consequences of mutations.

A

Alter secondary structure - changes position of hydrogen bonds
Alter tertiary structure - changes position of hydrogen, ionic and disulphide bonds

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16
Q

What mutations can occurs during DNA replication.

A

Substitution
Deletion
Addition

17
Q

Describe the term exon.

A

Base sequence coding for polypeptide of amino acids

18
Q

How does selection occur in living organisms?

A
  • Variation due to mutation
  • Different environmental pressures
  • Selection for advantageous alleles
  • Differential reproductive success
  • Change in allele frequency
  • Occurs over a long period of time
19
Q

How can a mutation lead to a non-functional enzyme.

A
  • change in base sequence
  • change in amino acid sequence
  • change in hydrogen/disulphide/ionic bonds
  • change in tertiary structure
  • substrate not complimentary so no ESC
20
Q

Not all mutations cause a change. Explain why.

A
  • triplets code for same amino acid
  • mutation occurs in introns
  • new allele is recessive so does not affect phenotype
  • results in formation of new allele
21
Q

How can a gene mutation have a positive effect.

A
  • change in polypeptide positively changes the properties
  • may result in increased reproductive success
22
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A
  • no change in amino acid
  • no effect on polypeptide chain
23
Q

What are some mutagenic agents?

A
  • increases rate of spontaneous mutation
  • high energy ionising radiation = chemicals alter DNA structure
  • biological agents = e.g. viruses and bacteria
  • DNA reactive chemicals = e.g. nitrous acid can remove NH2 groups from cytosine and convert it to uracil
24
Q

What is an inversion mutation?

A

Segment of bases reversed end to end

25
Q

What is a translocation mutation?

A

Groups of base pairs relocate from one area of the genome to another

Biology (26 decks)

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