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L.S. - DNA & RNA > Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is RNA made?

A
  • in the nucleus
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2
Q

What are the different types of RNA?

A
  • messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • transfer RNA (tRNA)
  • ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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3
Q

What is transcription?

A
  • the process by which DNA makes and codes mRNA
  • mRNA is formed in the nucleus in the same way as DNA is replicated
  • the coded message in DNA is transcribed into the new mRNA molecule, which carries it to the ribosome
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4
Q

What is a protein?

A
  • a long chain (polymer) of small units (monomers) called amino acids
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5
Q

How many different amino acids are involved in protein synthesis?

A
  • 20
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6
Q

How do amino acids create proteins?

A
  • they combine in various numbers in various sequences to form thousands of different proteins
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7
Q

How many amino acids does the shortest protein chain have?

A
  • 50 amino acids
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8
Q

How is the kind of protein that amino acids make, determined?

A
  • the order in which the amino acids are linked determines what kind of protein is made
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9
Q

What is the role of mRNA?

A
  • mRNA receives the instructions from the genetic code in the DNA molecules, which determines the sequence of amino acids
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10
Q

How is the genetic code carried and what is this genetic code made up of?

A
  • genetic code is carried as a sequence of ‘codewords’ which are transcribed to the mRNA
  • each ‘codeword’ is made up of any 3 bases, and is called a codon
  • eg, cytosine + adenine + guanine
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11
Q

How many codons are there and what do they do?

A
  • there are 64 different codons
  • 61 of them code for one of the 20 amino acids used to form proteins
  • some amino acids are coded for by more than one codon
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12
Q

What are the 3 codons that don’t code for an amino acid? What are they called?

A
  • UGA, UAA & UAG
  • these are called ‘stop codons’
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13
Q

How is a codon written?

A
  • using the first letter of each of the different bases
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14
Q

What is the triplet code of bases?

A
  • the basis of the genetic code
  • as a gene is made up of a group of 3 codons that code for the synthesis of one protein
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15
Q

What does the order of codons in mRNA determine?

A
  • the order of codons in mRNA will therefore determine the sequence of the amino acids
  • which which determine which protein is made
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16
Q

What happens at the ribosomes in protein synthesis?

A
  • the mRNA binds to the ribosome at the start codon (1st codon)
  • the codons of the mRNA act as a template that determines the order in which the amino acids are linked
17
Q

How many tRNA molecules are there and what are they made from?

A
  • at least 64 different tRNA molecules
  • made from nucleotides found in the cytoplasm of cells
18
Q

What does each tRNA have?

A
  • three bases at one end called an anti-codon
19
Q

What does an anti-codon do?

A
  • picks up a specific amino acid found in the cytoplasm and transfers it to a ribosome
20
Q

What is the most important feature of tRNA?

A
  • it can bind to an amino acid at one end and bind to mRNA at the other
    -> depositing its amino acid in the correct position to form a specific protein
21
Q

How does the process of making a protein from amino acids begin?

A
  • one of the codons, the ‘start signal’ begins the process
22
Q

How do the amino acids know when the protein chain is complete?

A
  • three codons act at ‘stop signals’
  • they indicate that the message is over and the protein chain is complete
23
Q

What is an anticodon base?

A
  • the complementary base to a codon base
  • eg, if the codon of mRNA is GGA, the anticodon of the tRNA will be CCU
24
Q

What is translation?

A
  • the process by which a specific protein is formed from a chain of amino acids due to the sequence of codons in the mRNA, which, in turn, was coded by the DNA
25
Q

What are the two stages of protein synthesis?

A
  1. transcription: the copying of the DNA code onto mRNA in the nucleus
  2. translation: the formation of protein molecules on the ribosomes using tRNA
26
Q

What is the role of rRNA?

A
  • the most common form of RNA in the cell
  • together with proteins, makes up the ribosomes
27
Q

What does rRNA do?

A
  • moves from codon to codon along the mRNA, reading the code
28
Q

What does rRNA play an important role in doing?

A
  • rRNA plays an important role in controlling the process of protein synthesis
29
Q

How do antibiotics counteract bacterial infections?

A
  • by interacting with the bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting their function of protein synthesis
  • if bacteria are prohibited from making proteins (which are essential for the production and growth of new cells) then they will not be able to make new cells to spread the infection
30
Q

What are the different antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis by interacting with the bacterial ribosomes in different ways?

A
  1. Tetracyclines - prevent the attachment of tRNAs carrying amino acids
  2. Chloramphenicol - prevents the formation of peptide bonds
31
Q

How can antibiotics be changed if resistance develops?

A
  • they can be changed by targeting different stages of the mRNA translation

L.S. - DNA & RNA (11 decks)

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