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619 macronutrient metabolism > Protein metabolism Part 2 > Flashcards

Protein metabolism Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Glutamine

A

Source of energy for intestinal cells; growth effects, strengthens intestinal barriers (mucosa call proliferation; mucin synthesis)

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2
Q

Glutamate

A

Used for alanine, proline, ornithine synthesis; very little glutamate leaves intestinal cells

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3
Q

Aspartate

A

Generate OAA then ornithine; little ASP leaves intestinal cell

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4
Q

Arginine

A

Up to 40% oxidized in enterocytes—–> citrulline and urea; citrulline used in arginine synthesis in kidneys

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5
Q

Methionine and cysteine

A

Up to 52% of MET metabolized in the gut; cysteine from methionine or from diet used to make glutathione

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6
Q

Key role of glutamine

A

ammonia transport

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7
Q

In extrahepatic tissues, glutamine synthetase catalyzes

A

utilization of ammonia with glutamate to produce glutamine (ATP dependent)

-ammonia is generated from AMP deamination in muscle (AMP generated with ATP deamination in muscle)

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8
Q

Glutamine is formed in ______ from _______ of _____ with ______

A

glutamine is formed in muscle and other cells from transamination of branched chain amino acids with a-ketoglutarate to form branched chain amino acids and glutamate

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9
Q

The glutamine that is formed in the muscle is released into

A

the blood and transported for use by other tissues

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10
Q

Cells of the GI tract and immune system rely on glutamine catabolism for

A

energy production

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11
Q

In the kidneys absorptive state, liver glutaminase activity increases yielding

A

ammonia for urea cycle

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12
Q

In acidotic state, the liver releases glutamine

A

into the blood for transport to and uptake by kidneys for acid base cycle

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13
Q

glutamine use by cells increases with

A

hypercatabolic conditions- glutamine stores can become depleted

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14
Q

describe the steps for formation of glutamine

A
  1. glutamine is generated in muscle as branched-chain amino acids are transaminated with a-ketogluterate
  2. some glutamate is deaminated to yield a-ketogluterase and ammonia
  3. ammonia is also formed from AMP deaminase. AMP is generated in muscle from ATP degradation
  4. Glutamine synthetase catalyzes the formation of glutamine from ammonia and glutamate
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15
Q

transamination reactions in muscle generate

A

glutamate which is used in fed state to synthesize glutamine

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16
Q

alanine is generated in the _____ while glucose is generated in the _____

A

muscle, liver

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17
Q

The alanine-glucose cycle serves to transport

A

transport nitrogen and regenerate substances

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18
Q

Glutamate transamination with pyruvate generates

A

alanine

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19
Q

Leucine transamination with a-ketoglutarate generates

A

Glutamate

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20
Q

List the steps of the Cahill Cycle

A
  1. Alanine is formed in the muscle from transamination with glutamate (generated from leucine transamination and from pyruvate 9generated from glucose oxidation via glycolysis)
  2. Alanine travels in the blood to the liver
  3. In the liver, alanine is transaminated with a-ketogluterate to form pyruvate
  4. Pyruvate can be converted back to glucose in a series of reactions
    5.THe glucose is released into the blood for uptake by tissues such as muscle
  5. The glutamate formed in the liver can be deaminated to release ammonia; the ammonia is used in the liver for urea production
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20
Q

List the steps of the Cahill Cycle

A
  1. Alanine is formed in the muscle from transamination with glutamate (generated from leucine transamination and from pyruvate 9generated from glucose oxidation via glycolysis)
  2. Alanine travels in the blood to the liver
  3. In the liver, alanine is transaminated with a-ketogluterate to form pyruvate
  4. Pyruvate can be converted back to glucose in a series of reactions
    5.THe glucose is released into the blood for uptake by tissues such as muscle
  5. The glutamate formed in the liver can be deaminated to release ammonia; the ammonia is used in the liver for urea production
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21
Q

Which amino acids to muscles preferentially catabolize

A

aspartate, asparagine, glutamate, leucine, isoleucine, valine

22
Q

Valine oxidation generates

A

succinyl-coa (glucogenic)

23
Q

Isoleucine catabolism generates

A

succinyl-coa and Acetyl Coa (glucogenic and ketogenic)

24
Q

leucine oxidation

A

acetyl coa and acetoacetate (ketocenic)

25
Q

Kidneys roles in AA metabolism

A

-glutamine catabolism for acid base balance
-Glycine catabolism for acid-base balance
-Serine synthesis from glycine
-Arginine and glycine for creatine synthesis
-Glutathionine catabolism
-Arginine synthesis from citrulline
-Tyrosine synthesis from phenylalanine
-Histidine generation from carnosine degradation

26
Q

Kidneys are major site for which AA production

A

Histidine, arginine, serine, tyrosine

27
Q

In kidneys, glutamine uptake has been estimated at ____ but increases with ____

A

7-10g per day, increases with acidosis

28
Q

glycine is -___ by the kidneys to form

A

degraded by kidneys to form ammonia and carbon dioxide- synthesis of amino acid serine

29
Q

What for the kidneys filter blood plasma and constituted

A

glomeruli filter blood plasma

29
Q

What for the kidneys filter blood plasma and constituted

A

glomeruli filter blood plasma

30
Q

What are reabsorbed by the kidneys glomular filter

A

Na, amino acids, glucose and those that

31
Q

what happens to substances that are not reabsorbed from the glomular filter

A

must move along electrical gradient to enter tubular cells, and then are excreted

31
Q

8what happens to substances that are not reabsorbed from the glomular filter

A

must move along electrical gradient to enter tubular cells, and then are excreted

32
Q

80% of nitrogen lost in urine as _____ under normal conditions

A

urea

32
Q

80% of nitrogen lost in urine as _____ under normal conditions

A

urea

33
Q

Other nitrogenous substances found in urine

A

creatinine, uric acid, creatine, protein, AA, hippuric acid

34
Q

Brain has a ___ ___ for aa transport

A

high capacity, transporters for some AA almost fully saturated at normal plamsa concentrations

35
Q

Describe what happens in PKU and MSUD with AA transporters

A

competition for transporters pose issue in inborn errors of metabolism
-PKU - high phenylalanine
-MSUD- high BCAA< increased uptake at expense of AA

36
Q

Liver disease has high _____ aa

A

aromatic amino acids

37
Q

Glycine as a neurotransmitter

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter within spinal cord

38
Q

Taurine as a neurotransmitter

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter

39
Q

Aspartate as a neurotransmitter

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS; derived from glutamate through aspartate amino transferase activity

40
Q

Glutamate as a neurotransmitter

A

excitatory neurotransmitter; used for GABA synthesis

41
Q

Glutamate acts in the ___ as excitatory neurotransmitter

A

brain and spinal cord

42
Q

Glutamate can be decarboxylated to produce ___ by the enzyme ___

A

Gama amino butyric acid - glutamate decarboxylase which is vitamin B6 dependent

43
Q

Gaba functions in the brain as a

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

44
Q

Which amino acids are biogenic

A

-Tryptophan
-tyrosine
-histidine

45
Q

Tryptophan is used to synthesize

A

serotonin

46
Q

How is tryptophan converted to serotonin

A

Hydroxylation and decarboyxlation
-Hydroxylation (L-tryptophan-5-HTP)
-decarboylation of 5-HTP to 5-HP)

-decarboxylation of 5-HTP to 5-HT is B6 dependent

-degreattion of serotonin to 5-HIAA via monomine oxidase

47
Q

what is tyrosine used to synthesize

A

catecholamines in sympathetic neurons

48
Q

what can tyrosine by converted to

A

catecholamines
A. Dopamine= executive function; coordination of movement, reinforcement
B. Norepinephrine: alertness, emotions, sleeping, dreaming
C. Low concentration in brain; systematically exerts catabolic functions within metabolic pathways

49
Q

How is tyrosine converted to catecholamines

A

Tryosine
-tyrosine hydroxylase
1. L-DOPA
-amino acid decarboxylase
2. Dopamine
-dopamine B-hydroxylase
3. Norepinephrine
-phenylethanoalmine-N-methyltransferase
4. Epinephrine

619 macronutrient metabolism (5 decks)

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