prostate

Question 1

regions of prostate

Answer 1

central zone surrounding urethras, perip heral zone surrounding ejaculatory ducts and anterior fibromuscular stroma

Question 2

functions and contents of prostate gland

Answer 2

add nutrients and enzymes to seminal fluid, accesory sex gland, contains PSA, prostaglandins, fructose, zinc, citrate

Question 3

Characteristics of BPH

Answer 3

Hyperplasia, proliferation of stroma and epithelia in glands, inbalance between proliferation and apoptosis, maybe consequence of age related oestrogen increase, mostly central region, Gross appearance nodular with cystic spaces, Symptoms, lower UT obstruction, hesitancy, disrupted flow, can lead to aur

Question 4

Pharmacotherapy for BPH

Answer 4

Alphablockers, relax urethras, side effects post hypotension and retrograde ejaculation. 5 a-reductase inhibitors, testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, reduce hyperplasia

Question 5

Prostatitis can either be acute, commonly … or chronic which sometimes isn’t bacterial. Symptoms …

Answer 5

Prostatitis can either be acute, commonly bacterial infection with gram -ve rods (e.coli,etc) or chronic which sometimes isn’t bacterial. Symptoms are dysuria, LB pain, pelvic pain, tender and on DRE

Question 6

highest incidence of prostate cancer is in.., lowest is …

Answer 6

highest incidence of prostate cancer is in black Americans, lowest is chinese

Question 7

prostate cancer is an…, It starts as … often in …

Answer 7

prostate cancer is an adenocarcinoma, It starts as Prostatic Interepithelia Neoplasm often in peripheral zone

Question 8

treatment options for Prostate Cancer

Answer 8

Conservative (watch and wait), radical (surgery, radiotherapy, brachytherapy, inserting radioactive seeds directly into prostate), palliative (hormone manipulation, GnRH analogues), radiotherapy for bone mets, pain relief, dealing with obstructive renal failure

Question 9

Explain how Prostate Ca is graded

Answer 9

Gleason score, samples from various areas of prostate looked at by microscope, 2 places where it is most prominent given score/5 according to how differentiated it is, 1 being best, 5 being worst. Score from 2-10

Question 10

How can prostate cancer be diagnosed and what are the possible complications?

Answer 10

Trans-rectal ultrasound and biopsy. Bleeding and septicaemia

Question 11

Consequences of radical treatment for Prostate Ca

Answer 11

Impotence, incontinence, failure, death, urinary stricture (narrowing)