Prostate

Question 1

Peripheral zone = \_\_\_\_%
C\_\_\_\_\_ zone = \_\_\_\_%
Transition zone = \_\_\_\_%
Fibromuscular s\_\_\_\_\_?
Capsule

Answer 1

70%
Central 20%
5%
Stroma

Question 2

What are Corpus Amylacea?

1. S_____ B______
2. They can c____
3. Mistaken for c______

Answer 2

Starchy bodies
Can calcify
Can be mistaken for carcinoma

Question 3

Mucosal glands -

Answer 3

Open directly to the urethra

Question 4

Sub mucosal glands

Answer 4

Drain through short ducts into the urethra

Question 5

Main prostatic glands

Answer 5

Drains into the urethral via long ducts

Question 6

Most common ____ of male cancer

Second highest ______ rate

Answer 6

Incidence

Mortality

Question 7

BENIGN PROSTATIC CONDITIONS 
Nodular hyperplasia 
1. Also know as \_\_\_\_\_
2. Age?
3. Presented how?

Answer 7

1. Benign prostatic hyperplasia
2. > 50
3. Nodules and proliferations

Question 8

Nodular Hyperplasia

• intra_____ and s_____ chronic inflammatory cell infiltration
• P_______ tissue oppressed to form thin rim beneath the prostatic capsule

Answer 8

Intraglandular and stromal chronic inflammatory cell infiltration
Peripheral tissue opressed to form a thin rim beneath the prostatic capsule

Question 9

NH Hormonal

• imbalance of oestrogen and t______ with ^ age
• 5a-reductase converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone

Answer 9

imbalance of oestrogen/testosterone with ^ age
prepubertal castration = prevents development of NH
5a-reductase converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone - administration - inhibition - smaller prostate size

Question 10

symptoms of NH

• enlarged p_____
• ____uria and dysuria
• longterm?

Answer 10

• enlarged prostate
• nocturia, dysuria
• LONGTERM; UTI, renal failure

Question 11

treatment of NH

• hormonal?
• enlarged prostate leads to?

Answer 11

• 5a-reductase inhibitors

- surgery

Question 12

Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PIN)

-which part of the prostate?

Answer 12

• glands lined by dysplastic epithelium

- peripheral zone

Question 13

Adenocarcinoma

• which part of the prostate?
• basal cell layer?
• size glands

Answer 13

• peripheral zone
• loss of basal cell layer
• smaller glands
• well-defined glands

Question 14

WHITMORE STAGING

Stage A = 90%+ survival

Stage B = 80%

Stage C = 30 - 40%

Stage D = 20%

Answer 14

Stage A1: single impalpable lesion
Stage A2: impalpable, microscopic

Stage B1: palpable nodule in single lobe
Stage B2: palpabla nodules

Stage C1: localised disease extending beyond gland
Stage C2: localised disease

Stage D1: pelvic lymph node
Stage D2: bone metastases or distant spread

Question 15

GLEASON GRADING

• 1 - 5 grading system
• added together

Answer 15

• 1 = small uniform glands
• 2 = more stroma between glands
• 3 = infiltrative margins
• 4 = irregular masses of neoplastic glands
• 5 = occasional formation

Question 16

GLEASON GRADING

Answer 16

LOW GRADE = 2-4
MODERATE GRADE = 5-7
HIGH GRADE = 8-10

Question 17

Causation

-lifestyle?

Answer 17

dietary fat intake - production of androgen

Question 18

Protective factors

-lifestyle

Answer 18

• Exercise
• Vitamins
• Diet

Question 19

SYMPTOMS OF PROSTATE CANCER

*similar for NH and adenocarcinoma

Answer 19

• difficulty weeing
• polyuria
• dysuria

Question 20

Where can prostate cancer spread to?

Answer 20

Spine, Lung, Liver, brain (rare)

Question 21

DIAGNOSIS

• DRE*
• PSA*
• BOBOPSY*

Answer 21

digital rectal exam (DRE) [advanced cancers]
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test
biopsy