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Mining Engineering 1 > Prospecting and Exploration > Flashcards

Prospecting and Exploration Flashcards

1
Q

A solid, naturally occurring mineral aggregate of economic interest from which or more valuable constituents may be recovered.

A

Ore

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2
Q

It is a geologic incongruity that has the possibility of being an ore deposit.

A

Anomaly

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3
Q

The intensity of anomaly is __________ to the grade of mineralization

A

Proportional

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4
Q

A multiplier by which the elemental concentration must be increased on average for it to be mineable at a profit.

A

Enrichment Factor

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5
Q

The minimum percentage by mass in an economic deposit.

A

Cut-off Grade

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6
Q

The natural concentration of one or more metallic, non-metallic, and a combination of minerals within the host rock.

A

Ore Deposit

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7
Q

An ore deposit is defined by the following:

A

Average Quantity (tonnes) and Average Quality (Grade)

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8
Q

The principal ore mineral recovered.

A

Prime Commodity

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9
Q

It is recovered as by-products along with the main mineral.

A

Associated Commodity

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10
Q

These are elements that aid in indicating a certain mineral commodity.

A

Trace Elements/ Pathfinder Elements

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11
Q

The altered rock mass or primary mineral deposit having an uneconomic concentration of minerals. It is formed in low-grade residuals due to various processes

A

Protore

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12
Q

These are associated minerals with no significant or of little commercial value.

A

Gangue Minerals

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13
Q

These are rejects made of gangue minerals and other processing substances coming from a beneficiation plant.

A

Tailings

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14
Q

These are undesired minerals/elements that create issues in processing and pose penalties due to equipment damage.

A

Deleterious Substances

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15
Q

Deleterious Substance found in a uranium concentrate

A

Calcite

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16
Q

Deleterious Substance found in a zinc concentrate

A

Mercury

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17
Q

The grassroots exploration program where activities are done in new locales.

A

Greenfield Discovery

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18
Q

It is assigned where discovery is made by enhancing the reserve in strike and dip continuity of a known orebody or an existing mine.

A

Brownfield Discovery

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19
Q

It is the first stage of the mine cycle where it involves the search for ores and other valuable mineral resources.

A

Propsecting

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20
Q

A good mineral potential index and political policy index results to:

A

Investment Attractiveness Index

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21
Q

The mineral deposit is not limited to its grade and quantity but also the factors surrounding and associated with the deposit.

A

Modifying Factors

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22
Q

These refer to methods that employs actual excavation through probing, test pitting, or drilling methods which is proven successful in coal and non-metallics

A

Direct Techniques

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23
Q

These refers to techniques that taps the physical properties of deposits such as sounding and penetration tests. This is almost always required for metallic deposits

A

Indirect Techniques

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24
Q

The second stage where delineation of the deposit happens to determine its size, shape, grade, and profitability.

A

Exploration

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25
Q

The following parameters differentiates Exploration and Prospecting:

A

Locales, Data, and Physical Samples

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26
Q

It is the derivation of geological information from the interpretation of aerial photographs.

A

Photogeology

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27
Q

The apparent displacement or difference in the orientation of an object viewed at 2 different locations in vertical photography.

A

Parallax

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28
Q

It is snapped at a low or higher angle; this provide permanent records of inaccessible features.

A

Oblique Photographs

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29
Q

These are snapped with camera pointing vertically downward with camera axis perpendicular to the ground.

A

Vertical Photographs

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30
Q

This type of photograph uses a film emulsion where the lightness of the object as the original depiction

A

True Color

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31
Q

This type of photograph uses a film emulsion where it uses the complementary color of an object instead of its original color.

A

False Color Composite

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32
Q

It is a comprehensive process of collecting information about an object, area, and phenomenon without physical and direct contact.

A

Remote Sensing

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33
Q

Traditional procedures are often combined with remote sensing data to guide the search process.

(True/ False)

A

True

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34
Q

The data obtained from remote sensing rely on the chemical reaction on light-sensitive film

A

Obtained Photographically

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35
Q

It administers electromagnetic signals to objects then the signals are fed back to sensors with broader spectral range and capable of storing and transmitting.

A

Obtained Electronically

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36
Q

The one that travels in waves and spans a broad spectrum from very long radio waves to very short gamma rays. There are two types of electromagnetic energy.

A

Electromagnetic Energy

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37
Q

The phenomenon that takes the form of self-propagating energy waves as it travels through space.

A

Electromagnetic Radiation

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38
Q

The longer wavelength (λ) involved, the ______ would be the frequency (f) and energy.

(higher/ lower)

A

Lower

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39
Q

Electromagnetic radiation travels the length in the given medium it passes.

(twice/ thrice)

A

Twice

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40
Q

It is a theoretical radiator that works by absorbing 100% of electromagnetic radiation that hits it.

A

Black Body

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41
Q

The collective term of range and scope of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation.

A

Electromagnetic Spectrum

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42
Q

The difference between the intensity of electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted by an object at different wavelengths.

A

Spectral Response/ Signature

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43
Q

These are devices such as cameras, scanners, and radiometers to detect and record the intensities of electromagnetic.

A

Sensors

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44
Q

It uses naturally occurring energy sources such as heat and sunlight.

A

Passive Sensors

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45
Q

It uses its own illumination as energy source where sensors emit radiation to the target object.

A

Active Sensors

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46
Q

A type of sensor with a resolution focused on the geometric properties of the ground covered.

A

Spatial Resolution

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47
Q

A type of sensor with a resolution focused on the span of the wavelength over which a spectral channel operates by the sensor

A

Spectral Resolution

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48
Q

A type of sensor with a resolution focused on the degree of intensities of radiation the sensor can detect.

A

Radiometric Resolution

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49
Q

A type of sensor with a resolution focused on the repetitive coverage over an area by the sensor.

A

Temporal Resolution

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50
Q

Upgrading the exploration data by improving the image quality and information content before processing.

A

Image Enhancement

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51
Q

This improves object depth by enhancing brightness between objects and backgrounds.

A

Contrast Enhancement

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52
Q

An image enhancement feature that works by improving linear features and surface discontinuities.

A

Spatial Filtering

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53
Q

In information extraction tool used to differentiate by dividing the gray level of a pixel in one band with another. This is effective in recognizing ferruginous and limonitic capping

A

Ratioing

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54
Q

This generates small pixels of different reflectance marked by colors or symbols to represent the surface signature.

A

Multispectral Classification

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55
Q

It enhances and distinguish the difference in geological features (elevation, land cover, rock types, vegetation, flood, and etc.) by improving the spread of reflectance by redistributing it.

A

Principal Component Analysis

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56
Q

It is a universal satellite-based navigation system created by the US Department of Defense originally for military applications.

A

Global Positioning System (GPS)

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57
Q

It is composed of 24 satellites orbiting in each of 6 circular orbital planes and are centered on Earth with 55º inclination to the equator.

A

Space Segment

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58
Q

This tracks the flight path of satellites and examines deviations with master control stations to recalibrate the flight path

A

Ground Control Segment

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59
Q

This refers to the various receivers to compute the coordinates, elevation, velocity, and time estimates.

A

User Segment

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60
Q

The easiest unit with a single receiver which are found within mobile devices. These show direction and receive antenna from local antenna.

A

Handheld GPS

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61
Q

This works on simultaneous measurements by receivers at a reference station with precisely known location, time, and number of roving receivers moving from points.

A

Differential Code Phase GPS

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62
Q

This is mainly used in land surveying, tracking, and geologic mapping.

A

Carrier Phase Tracking GPS

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63
Q

It is an electronic theodolite integrated with an electronic distance meter to read slope distanced from the instrument to the target entity. This is currently used in modern surveying.

A

Electronic Total Station

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64
Q

It deals with the enrichment or depletion of certain chemical elements in the vicinity of mineral deposits.

A

Geochemical Prospecting

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65
Q

It is the natural process of outward movement of elements from a source.

A

Dispersion

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66
Q

It illustrates the abundance and distribution as well as the stability of a chemical in the local environment.

A

Dispersion Model

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67
Q

It is a geochemical envelope synchronous to mineralization identical to the geochemistry of the main deposit. The elements are dispersed by aqueous fluids and it exhibits alteration and zoning.

A

Primary Dispersion Halo

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68
Q

These are zones with chemical composition different in one or various elements from adjacent zones or from average crustal values.

A

Geochemical Province

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69
Q

It is produced along paths of hydrothermal mineralizing solutions resulting to dissemination on wall rocks and halos.

A

Aqueous Fluid Dispersions

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70
Q

It is produced by high-temperature gaseous fluids (pneumatolytic gases) that invade adjacent ground.

A

Gaseous Dispersions

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71
Q

These are dispersed remnants of mineralization long after deposit formation by surface processes such as weathering (chemical and physical).

A

Secondary Dispersion Halo

72
Q

It is the normal range of concentration of elements in regional perspective.

A

Background Value

73
Q

The probable upper and lower limit of the background value at a precise confidence level.

A

Threshold Values

74
Q

Anomaly enhancement where it is done by panning, magnetic, and heavy media separation

A

Physical Means

75
Q

Anomaly enhancement where the selective leaching of iron and manganese is done.

A

Chemical Means

76
Q

This is done by finding ratio between background and trace elements and the additive and multiplicative halo concept.

A

Statistical Means

77
Q

This will reveal mean, median, and mode to identify and distinguish background, threshold, and anomalous values.

A

Frequency Distribution Diagram

78
Q

It uses the soil to track mineral deposits. The samples are obtained from the B-horizon of the soil profile.

A

Pedogeochemical Survey

79
Q

The weathered crust in arid and semi-arid regions composed of sand and silt cemented by calcite, dolomite, gypsum, halite, and ferric oxide.

A

Calcrete

80
Q

The surface crust of residual weathering where sand and silt are cemented by silica and are formed in stable groundwater conditions.

A

Silcrete

81
Q

It is a hard, erosion-resistant layer of sedimentary rock cemented by iron oxides derived from the oxidation of percolating solutions of iron salts.

A

Ferricrete

82
Q

It is a surficial product of humid tropical weathering and supergene enrichment on various rocks, mainly igneous.

A

Laterite

83
Q

Laterite Layers:

A

► Nodular iron-oxide rich zone at surface (red limonite)
► Clay-rich yellow transition (yellow limonite)
► Partially altered rock unit (saprolite)
► Unaltered ultramafic peridotite unit

84
Q

The ferruginous rock which is a product of oxidation by weathering and leaching of sulfides or depending on the mineralogy of iron hydroxides and oxides.

A

Gossans

85
Q

Gossan Layers:

A

► First layer: composed of limonite with malachite and azurite
► Second layer: composed of secondary enriched sulfide enrichment (covellite, bornite, chalcocite, and chalcopyrite)
► The Primary Sulfide Ore

86
Q

It is the search for favorable host rocks since these and the surrounding area make the primary dispersion.

A

Lithogeochemical Survey

87
Q

It is ratio between products of economic elements and impurity elements.

A

Multiplicative Halo Concept

88
Q

The product of anomaly width and percent content of economic element

A

Linear Productivity

89
Q

The ratio between anomalous and the background value.

A

Anomaly Ratio

90
Q

It uses till, moraine, or (glaciofluvial deposits) to find heavy and ore minerals.

A

Drill/Till Geochemical Survey

91
Q

This is done by obtaining samples from an active stream which reflects the bedrock geology, overburden cover profile, and contained metal mineralization.

A

Stream Sediment Survey

92
Q

It is primarily used in groundwater environments where acidic water dissolves the elements at 4-7 pH. Also used in surveying surface waters and meltwaters

A

Hydrogeochemical Survey

93
Q

This refers to a survey used to recognize the presence or the absence of specific plant populations as a visual and analytical guide for mineralization.

A

Geobotany

94
Q

It is the collection and chemical analysis of whole plants, organic structures of soil (humus).

A

Biogeochemical Survey

95
Q

It aids in locating buried deposits through detection of halos of mercury, helium, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, hydrocarbons, and other volatile elements.

A

Vapor Survey/ Atmogeochemical Survey

96
Q

It is found over structurally controlled mineralization in arid terrain and associated with deep-seated geothermals, Zn-Pb sulfide assemblages, hydrocarbon gas, and oil fields

A

Mercury Vapor Anomaly

97
Q

It is produced by radioactive decay and are found in oil reservoirs, hot springs, porphyry copper, and uranium deposits.

A

Helium Vapor Anomaly

98
Q

It is found among hydrocarbon bearing basins such as tar pits and coal fields which contain methane, nitrogen, natural gases, and asphalt.

A

Nitrogen Vapor Anomaly

99
Q

It uses isotopes of known elements with its abundance measured by an isotope ratio mass spectrometer which aids in determining age of rocks

A

Radiogenic Isotope Geochemistry

100
Q

It is where sampling is done along coasts by collecting vertical columns of layered placer deposits at intervals

A

Heavy Mineral Geochemistry

101
Q

These are rock concretions indicating deep sea volcanism containing layers of iron, manganese, and other economic metals.

A

Polymetalic Nodules/ Manganese Modules

102
Q

This survey is suitable for oil and gas surface explorations at oil and gas fields where volatile hydrocarbons are found.

A

Hydrocarbon Geochemical Survey

103
Q

A method where hydrocarbon seepage from reservoir to cap rock moves to surface.

A

Micro-seepage Survey Method

104
Q

The petroleum seepage is intense to allow macroscopic quantity to be obtained.

A

Macro-seepage Survey Method

105
Q

It is the natural science that studies the physical properties and processes of the whole Earth.

A

Geophysics

106
Q

It is the process of using geophysical instruments for the purpose of identifying anomalies in the physical properties that may indicate the presence of ore deposits.

A

Geophysical Prospecting

107
Q

The part of the waveform that relates to the messages sought from geological features under investigation.

A

Signal

108
Q

The part of the waveform due to extraneous effects that can causes errors in the data

A

Noise

109
Q

It is something that deviates the pattern of background values.

A

Anomaly

110
Q

This begins with the reconnaissance and large area prospecting for drill testing. Usually performed in Greenfield explorations.

A

Airborne Methods

111
Q

It continues airborne methods and detailed prospecting stages to delineate probable shape size to prioritize anomalies.

A

Ground Surveys

112
Q

This establishes orebody continuity in all directions during prefeasibility and mining operations.

A

Advanced Geophysical Borehole Logging

113
Q

The velocity of propagation of a body wave in a homogeneous, isotropic material is determined by the ___________ and _____ through which it passes.

A

Elastic Moduli and Density

114
Q

The device used to detect and receive seismic ground motion.

A

Seismometer

115
Q

It states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

A

Law of Reflection

116
Q

It states that a ray will refract at an interface where its velocity changes.

A

Law of Refraction

117
Q

This investigates variations in the Earth’s gravitational field generated by differences in density between rocks.

A

Gravity Survey

118
Q

It the measuring instrument of the gravitational field of Earth at specific locations.

A

Gravimeter

119
Q

It measures local gravity in absolute units (Gal) and are used in the field.

A

Absolute Gravimeter

120
Q

It refers to the gravity in a given body.

A

Absolute Gravity

121
Q

It refers to the change in gravity from a place to the other.

A

Relative Gravity

122
Q

This instruments is extremely sensitive, specially assembled, spring-based instruments carrying a fixed mass.

A

Relative Gravimeter

123
Q

It refers to the routine correction of field gravity contrast data between an arbitrary reference point and a series of ground stations influenced by extraneous effects not related to the subsurface geology.

A

Gravity Reduction

124
Q

This is due to the poor quality of spring and change of temperature during the recording.

A

Drift Correction

125
Q

This is due to increase in gravity in the equator to the poles.

A

Latitude Correction

126
Q

These refers to methods of correcting gravity data due to elevation.

A

Elevation Correction

127
Q

This adjusts the measurements of gravity to what would have been measured if it was done on mean sea level.

A

Free Air Correction

128
Q

This removes the effect of gravitational pull as a function of change in elevation.

A

Bouguer Correction

129
Q

This accounts for the topographic relief in the vicinity of the gravity station

A

Terrain Correction

130
Q

This measures the effect of the tides caused by the gravitational pull of both the moon and the sun

A

Tidal Correction

131
Q

A passive survey method where it measures existing magnetic field strength and does not amplify or modify it.

A

Magnetic Method

132
Q

It uses a “bird” as a magnetic sensor fixed to a string in the aircraft tail.

A

Airborne Magnetic Method

133
Q

A “fish” is used to tow a sensor behind a ship to remove magnetic effect of the vessel. This is used to search for polymetallics

A

Marine Magnetic Method

134
Q

This is prospecting smaller areas previously defined by airborne magnetic methods

A

Ground Magnetic Surveys

135
Q

It is the most common magnetic material found in iron ores, banded iron formations (BIFs), metamorphic and igneous rocks, and in small concentrations of sedimentary rocks. Next in rank is Ilmenite (FeTiO3).

A

Magnetite (Fe3O4)

136
Q

These exhibit parallel alignment resulting in large magnetization even without a magnetic field (Fe, Ni, and Co).

A

Ferromagnetic Material

137
Q

These exhibit complex alignment but same magnetic characteristic (as seen in magnetite and pyrrhotite) as ferromagnetic.

A

Ferrimagnetic Material

138
Q

It refers to the one that remains in the absence of an induced magnetic field.

A

(Normal) Remanent Magnetization

139
Q

The magnetism remains after sample has been cooled to a temperature below Curie point in a field.

A

Thermo-remanent Magnetization

140
Q

Magnetism remains after when a magnetic substance is chemically formed or crystallized in a field temperature below the Curie Point

A

Chemical Remanent Magnetization

141
Q

It is acquired in sediments where magnetic minerals are aligned by magnetic field

A

Detritus Remanent Magnetization

142
Q

Magnetism remains after the application and removal of magnetic field.

A

Isothermal Remanent Magnetization

143
Q

It is acquired under the application of stress; evident when strain proceeds from elastic to plastic.

A

Piezo-remanent Magnetization

144
Q

It is the instrument that measures magnetic field strength.

A

Magnetometer

145
Q

It refers to the pattern that recurs every 24 hours as a result of one full rotation of the planet around its axis.

A

Diurnal Cycle

146
Q

The horizontal extent and location of orebodies can be determined by the ___________________ produced by a graph.

A

curves (minima and maxima)

147
Q

Electrical survey works by measuring the natural or induced electrical fields which depends on the _______ and ______ of subsurface rock mass to a passing electric current.

A

conductivity and resistivity

148
Q

It refers to the fundamental property of a mineral that measures how hard it is to resist electric current.

A

Resistivity

149
Q

It is an imaging technique that identifies electrical chargeability of subsurface materials.

A

Induced Polarization

150
Q

It refers to the rate of decay of the current induced.

A

Chargeability

151
Q

High resistivity areas denote __________ while low resistivity areas denote _________

A

Rock and Minerals; Water and Soil

152
Q

As conductivity increases, it decreases ________

A

Resistivity

153
Q

Resistivity increases as porosity _______________

A

decreases

154
Q

It retains electrode configurations at a fixed point presuming that current penetrates continuously deeper with increasing separation of current electrodes.

A

Vertical Electrical Sounding/ Electrical Drilling

155
Q

Electrode configuration where 4 electrodes are in a straight line and in equal spaces.

A

Wenner Array

156
Q

Electrode configuration where potential electrodes are closer than current electrodes

A

Schlumberger Array

157
Q

The potential electrodes are kept outside the current electrodes each having a constant mutual separation.

A

Dipole Array

158
Q

It is obtained by progressively moving an electrode spread with fixed electrode separation along a traverse line.

A

Constant Separation Traversing

159
Q

It is the process of taking small portion of an object which shall represent the entire property or an adjacent portion of the object under assessment.

A

Sampling

160
Q

It is determined by the nature and geometry of mineralization (i.e. size, shape, orientation, and distribution)

A

Sampling Patterns

161
Q

It is performed by collecting soil at designated (relatively closely spaced) grid patterns.

A

Soil Sampling/ Talus Sampling

162
Q

It is carried out by excavating a 1x1m2 pit in a grid (rectangular or square) covering the entire target area.

A

Test Pitting

163
Q

Materials obtained from each meter of excavation are placed as _____________ where it becomes the sample to determine grade variation and other distinctive features.

A

stacks

164
Q

It is performed by creating trenches that cut across the orebody after outline has made by either pitting or rock/soil sampling 10 m long and 3-5 meter deep.

A

Trenching

165
Q

It is the collection of representative broken material generated by pitting, trenching, or any mine production.

A

Stack

166
Q

It is performed by scooping using sluice boxes or by auger drills to collect wet or dry loose sandy samples at regular grid intervals at certain depth.

A

Alluvial Placer Sampling

167
Q

Sample collection is done by inserting a cylinder/ auger drill down the base of stack or by buckets full of sample where collection points are selected.

A

Stack Sampling

168
Q

It is performed by cutting channels across the mineralized body (uniformly mineralized structures- veins, stringers, and disseminations)

A

Channel Sampling

169
Q

It is performed by collecting small rock fragments from a grid interval which is previously cleaned before cutting begins. This is suitable for irregularly distributed/ disseminated mineralization.

A

Chip Sampling

170
Q

This utilizes the core obtained from diamond drilling activities then splits the core (using a core splitter) along its length into two identical halves as observed during logging.

A

Diamond Drill Core Sampling

171
Q

This serves as an alternative in case of poor core recovery especially during drilling in fractured zones.

A

Sludge Sampling

172
Q

This refers to the finer co-product particles in diamond drilling generated by cutting of rocks between core and outer-hole diameter.

A

Sludge

173
Q

It refers to the collection of rock cuttings obtained from RC drills with respect to drill depth.

A

RC Drill Sampling

174
Q

It is usually performed at mine production for quick approximation of run-of-mine ore where samples are picked at random.

A

Grab Sampling

175
Q

It is composed of samples of handheld spades or mechanized shovels full of mineralized fragment and fines collected from mine face or stope drawpoints.

A

Muck Sampling

176
Q

It is performed by obtaining samples from every mine car (5th and 10th) of an underground mine, dump truck for surface mines, or aerial transport tubs that transport ore to plants.

A

Car Sampling

177
Q

A method where large quantities of samples (100-1000tonnes) are collected from different parts of stockpiles generated from mining activities

A

Bulk Sampling

Mining Engineering 1 (9 decks)

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